Polymeric Nanorepellent Systems Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Aimed at Repelling Aedes aegypti

Abstract

Repellents are among the leading products used against diseases transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, their indiscriminate use or high concentrations can cause severe adverse reactions, particularly in children and pregnant women. To protect them, nanotechnology is a promising tool to encapsulate active compounds against degradation, increase their effectiveness, and decrease their toxicity, as it can promote the modified release of the active compound. This study aimed to develop polymeric nanocapsules containing the repellent actives geraniol and icaridin using low concentrations of the active component, with the objective of promoting effective activity and greater safety against adverse reactions. The nanocapsules were developed by the interfacial deposition method, and the physicochemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), release kinetics assay, and mathematical modeling. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay and genotoxicity analysis using the comet assay. The developed nanocapsules containing geraniol and icaridin showed mean diameters of 260 nm and 314 nm, respectively, with a polydispersity index < 0.2. The nanocapsules showed encapsulation efficiency values of 73.7 ± 0.1% for icaridin and 98.7 ± 0.1% for geraniol. Morphological analysis showed spherical nanocapsules with low polydispersity. The kinetic parameters calculated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model indicated an anomalous release profile. Cell viability and genotoxicity analyses showed that the nanocapsules did not alter cell viability or damage DNA. The results demonstrate a promising nanostructured system with good physicochemical characteristics and good stability, with repellent activity against Aedes aegypti.

Exploring the Potential of Nanotechnology in Pediatric Healthcare: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

“…Nanofiltered C1 Esterase Inhibitor has been proven to effectively prevent hereditary angioedema attacks during dental, medical, or surgical procedures, with no reported adverse events [ 61 ]. Furthermore, the use of polymeric nanocapsules containing geraniol and icaridin has shown efficacy and safety in combating the Aedes aegypti mosquito—a major disease transmitter [ 62 ]. Nanoparticle coating techniques have demonstrated the ability to enhance the bioavailability of vitamin B(12) in food crops, addressing the risk of micronutrient deficiency and associated health issues [ 63 ].…”

“…Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Polymeric nanocapsules containing geraniol and icaridin are effective and safe against the Aedes aegypti mosquito-a leading disease transmitter. [62] Bone formation and microstructure Alendronate treatment promotes bone formation with a less anisotropic microstructure during intramembranous ossification in rats but may deteriorate the material properties of the bone microstructure.…”

“…In the field of pediatric medicine, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. It has shown promise in epilepsy, expanded newborn screening, cardiovascular diseases, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, gestational diabetes, bone disorders, mosquito-borne diseases, micronutrient deficiency, vulvovaginitis, and more [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Nanotechnology holds potential for tissue engineering, personalized nanomedicine, scoliosis, respiratory tract disorders, neurosensory diseases, and infections [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ].…”

Biosynthesis and Biodegradation—Eco-Concept for Polymer Materials

“…By encapsulating active compounds, nanotechnology can protect them from degradation, enhance effectiveness, and reduce toxicity. This technology can enable controlled release of the active compound, thereby minimizing adverse reactions, making it a promising tool to protect people and the environment [ 19 , 20 ].…”