Polymer-Bioactive Glass Composite Filaments for 3D Scaffold Manufacturing by Fused Deposition Modeling: Fabrication and Characterization

Distler, Thomas; Fournier, Niklas; Grünewald, Alina; Polley, Christian; Seitz, Hermann; Detsch, Rainer; Boccaccını, Aldo R.

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00552

Cited by 93 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…While pristine PLA scaffolds only showed certain cell alignment along printed threads, as reported by Grémare et al [64], the presence of HA induced matrix deposition at the pore edges and concavities (Fig. 9), which is in accordance with previous works [40,62]. AR staining and quantification of mineralization in our study indicated enhanced mineralization in the presence of HA, consistent with previous studies [26,38,65].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Similar studies using mineral reinforced 3D printed polymers consisting of PLA and bioglass have also reported a lack of significant improvement by the mineral incorporation in cell viability [62]. Babilotte et al reported a slightly increased adipocyte adhesion in the presence of 10% HA compared to pristine PLGA [26], although not statistically significant, similar to Orozco-Díaz et al describing slight improvements in the presence of 20% HA [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

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Hexagonal pore geometry and the presence of hydroxyapatite enhance deposition of mineralized bone matrix on additively manufactured polylactic acid scaffolds

Díez-Escudero

Andersson

Persson

et al. 2021

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the design of regenerative scaffolds for orthopaedic applications, enabling customizable geometric designs and material compositions that mimic bone. However, the available evidence is contradictory with respect to which geometric designs and material compositions are optimal. There is a lack of studies that systematically compare different pore sizes and geometries in conjunction with the presence or absence of calcium phosphates. We therefore evaluated the physicochemical and biological properties of additively manufactured scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) in combination with hydroxyapatite (HA). HA was either incorporated in the polymeric matrix or introduced as a coating, yielding 15 and 2% wt., respectively. Pore sizes of the scaffolds varied between 200 and 450 μm and were shaped either triangularly or hexagonally. All scaffolds supported the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of both primary mouse osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells up to four weeks, with only small differences in the production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) between cells grown on different pore geometries and material compositions. However, mineralization of the PLA scaffolds was substantially enhanced in the presence of HA, either embedded in the PLA matrix or as a coating at the surface level, and by larger hexagonal pores. In conclusion, customized HA/PLA composite porous scaffolds intended for the repair of critical size bone defects were obtained by a cost-effective AM method. Our findings indicate that the analysis of osteoblast adhesion and differentiation on experimental scaffolds alone is inconclusive without the assessment of mineralization, and the effects of geometry and composition on bone matrix deposition must be carefully considered in order to understand the regenerative potential of experimental scaffolds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Hexagonal pore geometry and the presence of hydroxyapatite enhance deposition of mineralized bone matrix on additively manufactured polylactic acid scaffolds

Díez-Escudero

Andersson

Persson

et al. 2021

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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“…The pH of the solution increased during the incubation time, especially within the first day of soaking. The increase in pH values is related to the partial dissolution of the glass during the stages of the bioactivity process associated with the formation of a HAp layer on the surface of the 3D printed scaffolds, which in line with previous studies [46][47][48].…”

Section: Ph Measurementssupporting

confidence: 89%

Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

et al. 2020

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Over the last years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to produce suitable substitutes for treating bone defects. In this work, 3D printed composite scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped multi-component melt-derived bioactive glasses (BGs) were prepared for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose, 30% of as-prepared BG particles (size <38 μm) were incorporated into PCL, and then the obtained composite mix was introduced into a 3D printing machine to fabricate layer-by-layer porous structures with the size of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3.The scaffolds were fully characterized through a series of physico-chemical and biological assays. Adding the BGs to PCL led to an improvement in the compressive strength of the fabricated scaffolds and increased their hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the PCL/BG scaffolds showed apatite-forming ability (i.e., bioactivity behavior) after being immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular examinations revealed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds and confirmed them as suitable substrates for the adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, 3D printed composite scaffolds made of PCL and Sr- and Co-doped BGs might be potentially-beneficial bone replacements, and the achieved results motivate further research on these materials.

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“…Most importantly, though PLA has been proven to be processable through additive manufacturing techniques, it is certainly a more challenging material to process, because of its relevantly higher melting temperature compared to PCL and its likelihood to undergo thermal degradation phenomena for longer residence times within the extruder tank if ad hoc measures like the use of an inert gas feed are not undertaken. For this reason, most of the studies concerning fabrication of PLA/BG composites through melt-based additive manufacturing technologies rely on fused deposition Modeling approaches, requiring an intermediate step of filament fabrication [ 25 ]. The high thermal stability and processability of PCL, on the other hand, enables an easier fabrication of the composite scaffolds through PED, eliminating this intermediate step and thus potentially leading to a reduction in process complexity, fabrication times, and material waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration Based on PCL and Mg-Containing Bioactive Glasses

Petretta

Gambardella

Boi

et al. 2021

Biology

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely used in additive manufacturing for the construction of scaffolds for tissue engineering because of its good bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and processability. Nevertheless, its use is limited by its inadequate mechanical support, slow degradation rate and the lack of bioactivity and ability to induce cell adhesion and, thus, bone tissue regeneration. In this study, we fabricated 3D PCL scaffolds reinforced with a novel Mg-doped bioactive glass (Mg-BG) characterized by good mechanical properties and biological reactivity. An optimization of the printing parameters and scaffold fabrication was performed; furthermore, an extensive microtopography characterization by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy was carried out. Nano-indentation tests accounted for the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, whereas SBF tests and cytotoxicity tests using human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were performed to evaluate the bioactivity and in vitro viability. Our results showed that a 50/50 wt% of the polymer-to-glass ratio provides scaffolds with a dense and homogeneous distribution of Mg-BG particles at the surface and roughness twice that of pure PCL scaffolds. Compared to pure PCL (hardness H = 35 ± 2 MPa and Young’s elastic modulus E = 0.80 ± 0.05 GPa), the 50/50 wt% formulation showed H = 52 ± 11 MPa and E = 2.0 ± 0.2 GPa, hence, it was close to those of trabecular bone. The high level of biocompatibility, bioactivity, and cell adhesion encourages the use of the composite PCL/Mg-BG scaffolds in promoting cell viability and supporting mechanical loading in the host trabecular bone.

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Polymer-Bioactive Glass Composite Filaments for 3D Scaffold Manufacturing by Fused Deposition Modeling: Fabrication and Characterization

Cited by 93 publications

References 83 publications

Hexagonal pore geometry and the presence of hydroxyapatite enhance deposition of mineralized bone matrix on additively manufactured polylactic acid scaffolds

Hexagonal pore geometry and the presence of hydroxyapatite enhance deposition of mineralized bone matrix on additively manufactured polylactic acid scaffolds

Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration Based on PCL and Mg-Containing Bioactive Glasses

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