Polymer-Based Nanosystems—A Versatile Delivery Approach

Abstract

Polymer-based nanoparticles of tailored size, morphology, and surface properties have attracted increasing attention as carriers for drugs, biomolecules, and genes. By protecting the payload from degradation and maintaining sustained and controlled release of the drug, polymeric nanoparticles can reduce drug clearance, increase their cargo’s stability and solubility, prolong its half-life, and ensure optimal concentration at the target site. The inherent immunomodulatory properties of specific polymer nanoparticles, coupled with their drug encapsulation ability, have raised particular interest in vaccine delivery. This paper aims to review current and emerging drug delivery applications of both branched and linear, natural, and synthetic polymer nanostructures, focusing on their role in vaccine development.

Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application

“…Nowadays, researchers are attracted towards biological synthesis, including the use of natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents and without using hazardous, high-cost chemicals and high power consumption [26] (Figures 2 and 3). NPs are extensively utilized in human contact areas (medicine, [27,28] and agriculture, [29,30]), and synthesis methods that do not use harmful compounds are increasingly required.…”

“…synthesis, including the use of natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents and without using hazardous, high-cost chemicals and high power consumption [26] (Figures 2 and 3). NPs are extensively utilized in human contact areas (medicine, [27,28] and agriculture, [29,30]), and synthesis methods that do not use harmful compounds are increasingly required. synthesis, including the use of natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents and without using hazardous, high-cost chemicals and high power consumption [26] (Figures 2 and 3).…”

Applications of Chitosan-Alginate-Based Nanoparticles—An Up-to-Date Review

“…To avoid these drawbacks, vaccine formulations can be encapsulated into various nanocarriers, including chitosan-alginate-based vehicles. Moreover, the use of polymer-based nanovaccines brings a series of advantages, including strong cellular immune responses, sustained antigen release, anti-inflammatory responses, the possibility of needle-free dosage, and administration via various routes [133].…”

Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy

“…Several colloidal delivery systems such as micro- and nanoemulsions [ 52 ], liposomes [ 53 , 54 , 55 ], solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) [ 56 , 57 ], nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) [ 58 , 59 , 60 ], liquid crystalline NPs [ 61 ], biopolymer microgels [ 62 ], nanocapsules [ 63 ], cyclodextrins (CDs) [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], smart responsive materials polymer-based NPs [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ] or dendrimers [ 72 , 73 ] can be used for encapsulation of pharmacologically active compounds. By internalization of drugs to nanocarriers (NCs) their stability, bioavailability, cellular uptake/internalization, and pharmacokinetic profile can be ameliorated along with the reduction of their toxicity [ 42 , 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”

“…These inorganic carriers are usually functionalized with the above-mentioned organic polymers, resulting in hybrid NCs, in which active molecules are trapped. Depending on the used material, different NCs are formed, such as liposomes/lipid-based delivery systems, polymeric NPs (micelles, spheres, capsules), dendrimers, polymeric complex NPs, CDs, nanocrystals, electrospun nanofibers, electro-sprayed NPs, nano-spray dried particles, covalent organic frameworks, hydrogels, inorganic nanosystems (quantum dots, carbon based NPs) [ 41 , 45 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 143 ]. Table 1 provides an overview of the types of nanoformulations discussed and their basic building blocks, while Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate the individual anti-infective drugs listed in this review.…”