Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application

Abstract

The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.

Phytosynthesis of Biological Active Silver Nanoparticles Using Echinacea purpurea L. Extracts

“…Analyses of the composition of Echinacea extracts revealed that chicoric acid was the dominant component (among the phenylpropanoids) [ 13 ], along with phenolic compounds such as flavonoids [ 14 ], tannins, alkaloids, starch, furochromones, and glycosides [ 15 ], all of them acting as reducing agents and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles [ 16 ].…”

In Situ Green Synthesis of Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles Composite with Using Gallic Acid

“…Generally, in the process of synthesizing metal nanoparticles by reduction method, the length of reaction time will affect the synthesis amount and particle size distribution of metal nanoparticles ( Khan, et al, 2022 ). After determining the optimal reaction pH and temperature for synthesizing GO-AgNPs using GA at 9 and 45°C, in order to explore the effect of reaction time on the number and morphology of AgNPs in GO-AgNPs.…”

Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles Supported on Cellulose‐Immobilized Tannin Resin and Its Catalytic Activity

“…It is widely used in some catalytic reactions, [1] such as the photocatalytic production of hydrogen [2] and molecular Oxygen Promotes Hydrogen Production from formaldehyde Solution [3] . Unfortunately, agglomeration tends to occur due to the high surface energy of AgNPs [4–6] . Therefore, it is challenging to obtain uniformly distributed AgNPs materials, and a suitable carrier is usually chosen as the substrate material for AgNPs.…”

“…[3] Unfortunately, agglomeration tends to occur due to the high surface energy of AgNPs. [4][5][6] Therefore, it is challenging to obtain uniformly distributed AgNPs materials, and a suitable carrier is usually chosen as the substrate material for AgNPs.…”