Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein accumulates in <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection

Bergmann, Carl; Ito, Yuki; Singer, Dustin; Albersheim, Peter; Darvill, Alan G.; Benhamou, Nicole; Nuss, L.; Salvi, Giovanni E.; Cervone, Felice; Lorenzo, Giulia De

doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.1994.00625.x

Cited by 95 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, there are several other possible mechanisms that may contribute to PG and Exp dependent alterations in pathogen susceptibility. For example, alterations in fruit CW structure resulting from reduced PG and Exp abundance may serve to retain inhibitors of pathogen function, such as PGIPs, whose loss of CW association during ripening has been correlated with elevated pathogen susceptibility (37)(38)(39). PG and Exp reduction also may alter pathogen-induced responses, a mechanism suggested by the demonstration that CW changes can activate novel defense pathways (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening, and fruit susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea

Cantu

Vicente²,

Greve³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

209

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Fruit ripening is characterized by processes that modify texture and flavor but also by a dramatic increase in susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. Disassembly of the major structural polysaccharides of the cell wall (CW) is a significant process associated with ripening and contributes to fruit softening. In tomato, polygalacturonase (PG) and expansin (Exp) are among the CW proteins that cooperatively participate in ripening-associated CW disassembly. To determine whether endogenous CW disassembly influences the ripening-regulated increase in necrotropic pathogen susceptibility, B. cinerea susceptibility was assessed in transgenic fruit with suppressed polygalacturonase (LePG) and expansin (LeExp1) expression. Suppression of either LePG or LeExp1 alone did not reduce susceptibility but simultaneous suppression of both dramatically reduced the susceptibility of ripening fruit to B. cinerea, as measured by fungal biomass accumulation and by macerating lesion development. These results demonstrate that altering endogenous plant CW disassembly during ripening influences the course of infection by B. cinerea, perhaps by changing the structure or the accessibility of CW substrates to pathogen CW-degrading enzymes. Recognition of the role of ripening-associated CW metabolism in postharvest pathogen susceptibility may be useful in the design and development of strategies to limit pathogen losses during fruit storage, handling, and distribution.expansin ͉ polygalacturonase ͉ tomato ͉ plant pathogen

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening, and fruit susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea

Cantu

Vicente²,

Greve³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

209

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“…The antibody against PGIP of P. vulgaris has been described (Bergmann et al, 1994). The monoclonal antibodies used in this study have all been described previously.…”

Section: Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Modification of Homogalacturonan by Transgenic Expression of a Fungal Polygalacturonase Alters Plant Growth

et al. 2004

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Pectins are a highly complex family of cell wall polysaccharides comprised of homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. We have specifically modified HGA in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis by expressing the endopolygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger (AnPGII). Cell walls of transgenic tobacco plants showed a 25% reduction in GalUA content as compared with the wild type and a reduced content of deesterified HGA as detected by antibody labeling. Neutral sugars remained unchanged apart from a slight increase of Rha, Ara, and Gal. Both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis were dwarfed, indicating that unesterified HGA is a critical factor for plant cell growth. The dwarf phenotypes were associated with AnPGII activity as demonstrated by the observation that the mutant phenotype of tobacco was completely reverted by crossing the dwarfed plants with plants expressing PGIP2, a strong inhibitor of AnPGII. The mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis did not appear when transformation was performed with a gene encoding AnPGII inactivated by site directed mutagenesis.Although biochemical events causing structural changes of cell walls are expected to influence plant growth and development (Pilling et al., 2000;Bouton et al., 2002), the degradation and remodeling of cell wall constituents during development appear to be of considerable complexity and far from being fully understood. For example, the remodeling of pectin, which is thought to impact upon processes such as adhesion between cells and plant growth, requires the action of several different enzyme classes (Ridley et al., 2001). The complex role of pectin in the dynamics of cell walls is further indicated by the presence of large families of these pectic enzymes in plant genomes. For example, more than 50 genes encoding putative polygalacturonases (PGs) have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000).Indications that the pectic polymers homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) play an important role in plant development have been obtained by analyzing several cell wall mutants, most of which have been obtained by mutagenesis of Arabidopsis. Among these, Arabidopsis emb30 mutants, having a mutation in a gene putatively involved in the secretory pathway, show an abnormal localization and accumulation of pectin in intercellular/interstitial spaces rather than in the corners. Cells of emb30 mutants are larger than those of the wild type and do not adhere well to each other; the seeds are impaired in the control of cell division, expansion, and polarity and do not develop as wild type (Shevell et al., 2000). The Arabidopsis quartet mutants have microspores that fail to separate during pollen development as a result of the persistence of pectin in the pollen mother cell wall (Rhee and Somerville, 1998). The Arabidopsis mur1 mutation, leading to a deficiency in fucosyl residues, affects RG-II, reducing its capacity to dimerize through the formation of boron diest...

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“…Seeds were germinated and grown for 4 to 5 d in moist sterile vermiculite and maintained at 24°C with a 16-h-light period. Wounding and treatment with SA were performed as described previously (Bergmann et al, 1994).…”

Section: Plant Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Complex Locus of Bean Encoding Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins Reveals Subfunctionalization for Defense against Fungi and Insects

et al. 2004

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Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are extracellular plant inhibitors of fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) that\ud belong to the superfamily of Leu-rich repeat proteins. We have characterized the full complement of pgip genes in the bean\ud (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotype BAT93. This comprises four clustered members that span a 50-kb region and, based on their\ud similarity, form two pairs (Pvpgip1/Pvpgip2 and Pvpgip3/Pvpgip4). Characterization of the encoded products revealed both\ud partial redundancy and subfunctionalization against fungal-derived PGs. Notably, the pair PvPGIP3/PvPGIP4 also inhibited\ud PGs of two mirid bugs (Lygus rugulipennis and Adelphocoris lineolatus). Characterization of Pvpgip genes of Pinto bean showed\ud variations limited to single synonymous substitutions or small deletions. A three-amino acid deletion encompassing a residue\ud previously identified as crucial for recognition of PG of Fusarium moniliforme was responsible for the inability of BAT93\ud PvPGIP2 to inhibit this enzyme. Consistent with the large variations observed in the promoter sequences, reverse\ud transcription-PCR expression analysis revealed that the different family members differentially respond to elicitors, wounding,\ud and salicylic acid. We conclude that both biochemical and regulatory redundancy and subfunctionalization of pgip genes are\ud important for the adaptation of plants to pathogenic fungi and phytophagous insects

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Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein accumulates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection

Cited by 95 publications

References 23 publications

The intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening, and fruit susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea

The intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening, and fruit susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea

Targeted Modification of Homogalacturonan by Transgenic Expression of a Fungal Polygalacturonase Alters Plant Growth

Characterization of the Complex Locus of Bean Encoding Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins Reveals Subfunctionalization for Defense against Fungi and Insects

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