Polyetheretherketone microspheres loaded with cerium dioxide nanoparticles mitigate damage from cellular oxidative stress and promote bone repair

State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants

“…During the removal of H 2 O 2 , cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) have been confirmed to have catalase-like activity and co-act as an oxygen buffer. Li et al (2023) uniformly doped CeO 2 NPs in PEEK, and its ability to significantly reduce ROS levels in osteoblasts in vitro ( Figure 7B shows antioxidant capacity tests) and better induce osteogenesis in vivo was verified. DM is an extremely common chronic disease, and the mitochondrial dynamics in the microenvironment surrounding the implant are imbalanced due to its sustained hyperglycemia and excessive ROS production ( Willems et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Our biological system produces highly active molecules such as ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) during fatty acid metabolism, aerobic metabolism, and when encountering environmental stimuli ( Yu and Wang, 2022 ). The implantation inevitably leads to the release of ROS, such as hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and superoxide anion (O 2 − ), thereby clearing aging cell debris, resisting pathogens, and protecting body homeostasis ( Li et al, 2023 ). The human body’s self-antioxidant defense system can maintain a balance between the oxidative and antioxidative modes by timely removing oxidation–reduction products but lacks the ability to reverse imbalance.…”

“… (A) Quenching of OH radicals by 30%BP-CS solutions (left) and coatings (right) ( Borgolte et al, 2022 ). (B) Under OS conditions: (a) Cell viability, (b) ROS in cells, (c) cell morphology staining, and (d) average cell area ( Li et al, 2023 ). (C) Material preparation and in vivo bone integration ( Wang et al, 2021a ).…”