“…A few factors affect the growth of bacteria, such as pH, temperature, nutrients, oxygen level, concentration, and species of bacteria [ 77 ]. Bacteria have been applied in many industries due to their potential and properties such as biological hydrogen, wastewater treatment, soil washing, biofilms, and biosensors [ 50 , 51 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. Immobilization of bacteria on the surfaces depends on the characteristic of the material, the bond between surface and linker, physiological medium, and properties of bacteria [ 80 ].…”