Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Greater Cairo water supply systems

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a constant threat to the environment and public health. There are numerous activities in the Greater Cairo area that emit and release significant amounts of PAHs. Concentrations of these PAHs are released into the air and mixed with surface water, limiting its use. In this study, 17 PAH compounds are mapped at eight sites along the Nile River and its tributaries in Greater Cairo. In addition, their removal efficiency is evaluated with the conventional treatment in eight water treatment plants. PAHs were analyzed using GC–MS from January to December 2018. Naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, pyrene, and phenanthrene were detected. The total amount of PAHs in raw water was highest in Shamal Helwan (1,325±631 ng/l) and lowest in Mostorod (468±329 ng/l), and the removal ranged from 25 to 31%. Further research is needed to integrate other techniques to reduce PAHs using the conventional treatment, and more efforts should be made to reduce the presence and release of PAHs in raw water.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content of food, water and vegetables and associated cancer risk assessment in Southern Nigeria

“…This observation can be attributed to the low industrial and traffic density of the study area. PAHs are slowly biodegradable under aerobic conditions; thus, PAH contamination of food and water is, therefore, a function of the environmental concentration of PAH [ 32 ]. Contrary to our observation, PAH levels exceeding the maximum permissible limit recommended by WHO for drinking water, groundwater, and aquatic environment have been reported by previous reports [ 14 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Clear evidence of the carcinogenic potential of anthracene: A 2‐year feeding study in rats and mice

“…Anthracene is used in the production of dyes, paints, insecticides, wood preservatives, herbicides, plant growth regulators, and fluorescent dyes. Anthracene is also produced by emissions from incomplete combustion and is a well‐known pollutant in ecosystems, 1 being commonly found in oil‐polluted sites, 2 surface and groundwater, 3,4 and soils 5 . It is also a major contaminant in tobacco smoke and gasoline 6,7 .…”