Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian vegetables and fruits

Camargo, Mônica Cristiane Rojo de; Toledo, Maria Cecília de Figueiredo

doi:10.1016/s0956-7135(02)00052-x

Cited by 141 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In addition, LMW-PAHs are more mobile in the soil and more likely to adsorb onto the root surface and easily transfer further into the root interior [25]. Our data indicated that PAH concentrations in lettuce grown on contaminated-soils were markedly high and generally similar to those values reported in the literatures [7,22]. However, PAH concentrations of this study were higher than the LMW and HMW PAH concentrations in lettuce grown on industrial contaminated soils [25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Results from the present and previous studies [8,13,[20][21][22] demonstrate that the plants grown on contaminated-soils may contain PAHs and HMs in their tissues which pose a major health concern. PAHs may be taken up through several pathways including the aerial absorption of volatile compounds by leaves, deposition and penetration of contaminated soil particles and dusts on leaves, and soil-to-root transfer of contaminants followed by subsequent translocation by the transpiration stream.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation

Khan

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

251

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) by crop plants from contaminated soils may pose health risks. A greenhouse pot experiment using lettuce (Lactuca satuva L.) as a representative vegetable was conducted to assess the concentrations of PAHs and HMs in vegetables grown in wastewater-contaminated soils. The concentrations of total PAHs were ranged from 1.5 to 3.4 mg kg −1 in the contaminated soils, while 1.2 mg kg −1 in the reference soil. Linear regression analyses showed that the relationships between soil and shoot PAH concentrations were stronger for LMW-PAHs (R 2 between 0.51 and 0.92) than for HMW-PAHs (R 2 0.02 and 0.60), suggesting that translocation for LMW-PAHs is faster than HMW-PAHs. Furthermore, the data imply that root uptake was the main pathway for HMW-PAHs accumulation. The plant shoots were also highly contaminated with HMs, particularly Cd (0.4-0.9 mg kg −1 ), Cr (3.4-4.1 mg kg −1 ), Ni (11.7-15.1 mg kg −1 ) and Pb (2.3-5.3 mg kg −1 ), and exceed the guidance limits set by State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), China and the World Health Organization (WHO). This study highlights the potential health risks associated with cultivation and consumption of leafy vegetables on wastewater-contaminated soils.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation

Khan

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

251

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 Thus, variable levels of PAHs have been reported in different food categories and beverages including vegetables and fruits, cereals, oils and fats, smoked products, coffee and tea. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] PAHs were evaluated by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). SCF concluded that 15 Vol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,13 Studies conducted in Brazil and in many other countries have identified specific food categories as important sources of human exposure to PAHs, highlighting the oil and fat group. 3,4,11,[14][15][16][17][18] The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils may be attributed to (i) atmospheric contamination of plant material, (ii) direct drying of the plant material with combustion smoke before extraction, (iii) contamination through the solvent extraction and (iv) uptake by the oil plants from contaminated soils. 2,14 During the refining processes, the concentrations of these contaminants can be drastically reduced.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, a liquid-liquid partition technique with N,N-dimethylformamide, water and an apolar solvent for the isolation of PAHs was tested for the sample pretreatment. 3,21,22 Hexane and cyclohexane were both evaluated with different proportions of dimethylformamidewater (9:1; 5:1; 2:1 and 1:1, v/v). It was found that dimethylformamide-water (9:1, v/v) increases the extraction efficiency independent of hexane or cyclohexane use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

HPLC-FLD simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: validation of an analytical procedure for soybean oils

Camargo¹,

Antoniolli²,

Vicente³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Um método usando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência (HPLC-FLD) foi desenvolvido para a determinação simultânea de 13 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) em óleos de soja. A preparação das amostras envolve etapas de extração líquido-líquido com dimetilformamida-água (9:1 v/v), seguida de extração e pré-concentração dos HPAs em fase sólida utilizando cartuchos C-18. O método apresentou bons níveis de recuperação para a maioria dos HPAs estudados com valores entre 71 e 115%. As curvas de calibração obtidas se mostraram lineares dentro das respectivas faixas de trabalho (R 2 > 0,999). Os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) variaram entre 0,02-0,76 µg kg -1 e 0,03-0,96 µg kg -1 , respectivamente. O método foi aplicado para avaliar a contaminação dos óleos de soja comerciais mais consumidos no mercado brasileiro. A presença de HPAs foi confirmada em todas as amostras analisadas com valores médios na faixa de 0,20 a 5,93 µg kg -1 .A method using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soybean oils. The sample preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction with dimethylformamide-water (9:1, v/v) followed by a clean-up and concentration step with C-18 SPE cartridges. The method showed good recoveries for most of the PAHs studied with values between 71 and 115%. The calibration curves were linear over the range tested (R 2 > 0.999). Detection and quantification limits varied between 0.02-0.76 µg kg -1 and 0.03-0.96 µg kg -1 , respectively. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to evaluate the contamination of most consumed brands of soybean oils commercially available in the Brazilian market. The presence of PAHs was confirmed in all samples analyzed with mean values ranging from 0.20 to 5.93 µg kg -1 .Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soybean oils, HPLC-fluorescence, organic contaminants, food analysis IntroductionThe occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food has attracted so much attention in the last few years because it is directly related to food safety. PAHs represent an important class of chemical carcinogens formed during incomplete combustion of organic material. Food is a significant source of PAHs for which human are exposed and their presence originate predominately from environmental pollution, during food processing (drying and smoking) and cooking (grilling, roasting, frying etc Camargo et al. 1355 Vol. 22, No. 7, 2011 the exception of benzo [ghi]perylene, have also shown clear carcinogenic effects in various types of bioassays in experimental animals. 13 During the JECFA sixty fourth meeting in 2005, the IPCS assessments and SCF re-evaluation of 33 compounds pointed the conclusion that 13 PAHs were clearly carcinogenic and genotoxic (Figure 1). 1 Except for benzo [ghi]perylene and cyclopenta [cd]pyrene, the compounds were the same as those stated by SCF. 1,13 Stu...

show abstract

Indirectly suspended droplet microextraction of water‐miscible organic solvents by salting‐out effect for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Daneshfar

Khezeli

2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A simple and low-cost method that indirectly suspended droplet microextraction of water-miscible organic solvents (ISDME) by salting-out effect before high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection was used for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different samples. The ISDME is a combination of salting-out extraction of water-miscible organic solvent and directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME). Ninety-five microliters water-miscible organic solvent (1-propanol) was added to a 500-µL sample. A homogeneous solution was formed immediately. To produce a steady vortex at the top of the solution, the sample was agitated at 700 rpm using a magnetic stirrer. By the addition of ammonium sulfate (saturated solution) to the homogeneous solution, 1-propanol was separated and collected at the bottom of the steady vortex. Finally, 20 µL 1-propanol was injected into HPLC-UV. The effects of important parameters such as water-miscible organic solvent (type and volume), type of salt, and extraction time were evaluated. Under optimum conditions, the method has a good linear calibration range (0.1 µg/L-300 µg/L), coefficients of determination (R(2) > 0.998), low limits of detection (between 0.02 µg/L and 0.27 µg/L), and acceptable recovery (>85.0%).

show abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian vegetables and fruits

Cited by 141 publications

References 7 publications

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation

HPLC-FLD simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: validation of an analytical procedure for soybean oils

Indirectly suspended droplet microextraction of water‐miscible organic solvents by salting‐out effect for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About