Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Crossroads in Zagreb, Croatia

Šišović, Anica; Pehnec, Gordana; Jakovljević, Ivana; Hujić, Martina Šilović; Vađić, Vladimira; Bešlić, Ivan

doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0516-4

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Mass concentrations of ten PAHs bound to the PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 particle fraction measured in this study, as well as ΣPAH showed characteristic variations with the highest values during winter (heating season). Šišović et al [ 40 ], Godec et al [ 43 ], and Jakovljević et al [ 41 ] were determined the similar seasonal differences at the same location as in this study, but their studies were carried out in 2008, 2010, and 2010/2011, respectively. However, all of these studies were limited only to the PM 10 particle fraction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…After collection, samples were wrapped in aluminium foil and kept in a deep freezer at −18 °C until analysis [ 40 ]. Filters were extracted with a solvent mixture of toluene and cyclohexane (7:3) in an ultrasonic bath for one hour, separated from undissolved parts by centrifugation (10 min, 3000 rpm), and evaporated to dryness in a mild stream of nitrogen at 30 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

Pehnec

Jakovljević

2018

IJERPH

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are bound to particulate matter can have adverse effects on human health. Particle size plays an important role in assessing health risks. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of PAHs bound to particle fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, as well as to estimate their carcinogenic potency and relative contributions of the individual PAHs to the carcinogenic potency in relation to the size of the particle. Measurements of ten PAHs were carried out in 2014 at an urban location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. 24-h samples of the PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 particle fraction were collected over forty days per season. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs was estimated by calculating benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations while using three different toxic equivalence factor (TEF) schemes. The total carcinogenic potency (TCP) and percentage contributions differed significantly depending on the TEF scheme used. The lowest PAH mass concentrations and TCPs were in summer and the highest in winter. The contributions of individual PAHs to the sum of PAH mass concentrations remained similar in all fractions and seasons, while in fractions PM10–2.5 and PM2.5–1 they varied significantly. Road traffic represented the important source of PAHs in all fractions and throughout all seasons. Other sources (wood and biomass burning, petroleum combustion) were also present, especially during winter as a consequence of household heating. The highest contribution to the TCP came from benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)antrachene, indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene (together between 87% and 96%) in all fractions and seasons. In all cases, BaP showed the highest contribution to the TCP regardless relatively low contributions to the mass of total PAHs and it can be considered as a good representative for assessing the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture. When comparing the TCP of PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 fractions, it was found that about 21–26% of carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture belonged to the PM2.5 fraction. Comparison of TCP in PM2.5 and PM1 showed that about 86% of carcinogenic potency belonged to the PM1 fraction, regardless of the TEF scheme used.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

Pehnec

Jakovljević

2018

IJERPH

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“…The finding was corroborated by the differences in the linear correlation coefficients calculated between the concentrations of specific PAHs, the PAH sum and PM1 for the points and seasons ( Figure 5). In the non-heating season in UT, RB and UB, there were high values of correlations between the concentrations of heavier PAHs (i.e., BghiP or DBA), which confirmed the dominant influence of the PAH emission from traffic sources [10,18,20,21]. It seems that due to the lack or to the significant reduction of emissions from other sources, traffic and industry (including energy production) were dominant sources of PAHs in the air of southern Poland.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Seasonal Variations in Health Hazards from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bound to Submicrometer Particles at Three Characteristic Sites in the Heavily Polluted Polish Region

2014

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Suspended particles with aerodynamic diameters not greater than 1 μm (PM1) were sampled at the urban background; regional background; and urban traffic points in southern Poland. In total, 120 samples were collected between 2 August 2009 and 27 December 2010. Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in each sample. The samples were collected with a high volume sampler (Digitel). Afterwards, they were chemically analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (Perkin Elmer Clarus 500). The mean concentration values of the PAH sum (ΣPAH) and particular PAHs; the percentages of carcinogenic PAHs in total PAHs (ΣPAHcarc/ΣPAH); carcinogenic equivalent (CEQ); mutagenic equivalent (MEQ); and TCDD-toxic equivalent (TEQ) were much higher in the winter (heating) season than in the summer (non-heating) one. For both periods, the resulting average values obtained were significantly higher (a few; and sometimes a several dozen times higher) in the researched Polish region than the values observed in other areas of the world. Such results indicate the importance of health hazards resulting from PM1 and PM1-bound PAHs in this Polish area. OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2015, 6 2

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“…The south station is in a traffic area and the contribution of six-ringed PAHs was pronounced much more than at the north station located in an urban background with domestic heating as the dominant source of PAHs that lead to a higher contribution of four-ringed PAHs. 11,12 At all locations, DahA had the lowest average mass concentrations; values ranged from 0.005 to 2.435 ng m −3 at Zagreb's south, from 0.005 to 0.443 ng m −3 at Zagreb north, and from the detection limit to 0.093 ng m −3 at Martinska. In order to determine partial differences between the measuring sites for all PAHs, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and post-hoc multiple comparisons (by Siegel and Castellan) tests were used.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…PAHs were separated by an Eclipse PAH stainless steel column (100 × 4.6 mm). The mobile phase was a mixture of water and acetonitrile (40 : 60), [11][12][13] Average mass concentrations of specific PAHs at Martinska and Zagreb, for the period February -July 2019, are presented in Fig. 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of PAH Mass Concentrations in Aerosols of the Middle Adriatic Coast Area and Central Croatia

et al. 2020

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered priority pollutants due to their distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation, and adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to obtain the first insight into PAHs mass concentrations bound to airborne particulate matter (PM) in the mid Adriatic coast area of Croatia, and compare them with the PAH levels in Croatia’s urban central area. Relatively low values of PAH mass concentrations were measured in the coastal area, compared to the continental urban region of Croatia impacted by increased emissions due to intensive traffic, industry, and residential heating. A high PM10 contribution of four-ring PAHs (Flu and Pyr) at Martinska site indicated that wood burning heating as well as open fire events, including waste incineration, could be important emission sources of PAHs in the mid Adriatic coast region.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Crossroads in Zagreb, Croatia

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

Seasonal Variations in Health Hazards from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bound to Submicrometer Particles at Three Characteristic Sites in the Heavily Polluted Polish Region

Comparison of PAH Mass Concentrations in Aerosols of the Middle Adriatic Coast Area and Central Croatia

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