Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Nature

Blumer, Max

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0376-34

Cited by 395 publications

(156 citation statements)

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“…The natural sources of BaP are forest fires, volcanic eruptions, peat fires, burning of crude oil and shale oil, while anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, coke oven emissions, aluminum smelters, coal combustion and conversion industries, incinerators, vehicle exhausts, cigarette, cigar and marijuana smoke (2,3). From contaminated soil and water, BaP enters into the food chain and metabolized to its ultimate genotoxic form which then interacts with nucleic acids and proteins forming highly reactive macromolecular adducts resulting in BaP induced toxicity, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in mammals (8,12,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Benzo [a] Pyrene by a novel strain Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447)

Lily¹,

Bahuguna²,

Dangwal³

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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Benzo [a] Pyrene (BaP) is a highly recalcitrant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with high genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. It is formed and released into the environment due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and various anthropogenic activities including cigarette smoke and automobile exhausts. The aim of present study is to isolate bacteria which can degrade BaP as a sole source of carbon and energy. We have isolated a novel strain BMT4i (MTCC 9447) of Bacillus subtilis from automobile contaminated soil using BaP (50 g /ml) as the sole source of carbon and energy in basal salt mineral (BSM) medium. The growth kinetics of BMT4i was studied using CFU method which revealed that BMT4i is able to survive in BaP-BSM medium up to 40 days attaining its peak growth (10 29 fold increase in cell number) on 7 days of incubation. The BaP degradation kinetics of BMT4i was studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of BaP biodegradation products. BMT4i started degrading BaP after 24 hours and continued up to 28 days achieving maximum degradation of approximately 84.66 %. The above findings inferred that BMT4i is a very efficient degrader of BaP. To our best of knowledge, this is the first report showing utilization of BaP as a sole source of carbon and energy by bacteria. In addition, BMT4i can degrade a wide range of PAHs including naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene therefore, it could serve as a better candidate for bioremediation of PAHs contaminated sites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Benzo [a] Pyrene by a novel strain Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447)

Lily¹,

Bahuguna²,

Dangwal³

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…Cet intérêt est dû à leur ubiquité, à leur rémanence dans l'environnement et à leurs toxicités (mutagenèse et cancérogenèse) [1] . Ces composés, constitués de cycles aromatiques condensés, sont produits en quantité importante par l'activité humaine, et notamment dans les processus de pyrolyse et de combustion [2] . Leur élimination des différents écosys-tèmes (sol, eau, air) constitue une priorité.…”

Section: Les Hydrocarbures Polycycliques Aromatiques (Hpa) Occupent Aunclassified

Prélèvement, stockage intracellulaire et dégradation des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques par un champignon tellurique : Fusarium solani

Verdin¹,

Sahraoui²,

Newsam³

et al. 2004

Environnement, Ingénierie &Amp; Développement

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great environmental concern due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Their persistence in ecosystems is due to their low water solubility which results in their binding to particulates in soils, sediments and atmosphere. Bioremediation represents the major route for the ecological recovery of PAHs contaminated sites. The aim of this work was to investigate the uptake and storage of benzo[a]pyrene by a non white-rot fungus, Fusarium solani, and to characterize, by cytological methods, the intracellular fluorescent vesicles observed when growing the fungus on synthetic medium in presence of benzo[a]pyrene. We have demonstrated that PAHs uptake into fungal hyphae was a passive phenomenon. Indeed, benzo[a]pyrene uptake and storage in Fusarium solani was not prevented at 4°C or in the presence of cytochrome oxidase inhibitor (sodium azide). The use of two cytoskeleton modulating drugs (colchicin or cytochalasin) suggested that microtubules and actine filaments were not involved in PAHs transport. Ultrastructural study showed that PAHs incorporation was not associated with specific structures. The use of Sudan III and Rhodamine B stainings showed that PAHs were accumulated in pre-existing structures corresponding to lipid vesicles. We found that Fusarium solani, was able to store into lipid vesicles and degrade efficiently a large scale of PAHs. The degradation rates were about 84, 70, 58, 34 and 40% for anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene respectively. We also showed that the PAHs intracellular storage was not restricted to the Deuteromycotina fungus Fusarium solani, but could be generalized to numerous other fungi, even poor degraders, belonging to different genera.

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“…2). PAH are present in petroleum, cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, chimney soot, refuse burning and industrial processes (Blumer, 1976). Considerable attention has been given to the widespread distribution of PAH in the environment and their possible exposure to humans, because many of these compounds are recognized as chemical carcinogens.…”

Section: Biochemical Role Of Epoxidation Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocatalysts for production of chiral epoxides

Mahmoudian

Michael

1992

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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An extensive screen for microorganisms capable of growth on olefins was carried out. Over 100 bacterial strains (mesophilic, thermophilic) were isolated in pure culture with gaseous or liquid (internal & terminal) olefins as the sole source of carbon and energy. The organisms included Aero coccus, Aeromonas,Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces and Vibrio spp. and a variety of Gram-negative, Gram-positive and Gram-variable rods/coccobacilli not yet identified. Given the success of isolating many different genera of alkene-utilizing bacteria, it would suggest that the ability to utilize olefin hydrocarbons is more widespread in nature than previously recognized.Initial studies involved testing a collection of strains for i) growth rate on the substrate of isolation and ii) evidence of epoxide accumulation from lower gaseous olefins. All of the 18 ethene-and propene-utilizing bacteria tested, stereospecifically formed R-1,2-epoxypropane (ee=90-96%), R -l,2-epoxybutane (ee=90-98%) and trans-(2/?,37?)-epoxybutane (ee=64-88%), as analyzed by chiral complexation glc. A particularly promising strain of Micrococcus sp. M90C was selected to demonstrate: a) Induction of epoxidation activity in carbohydrate-grown cells. b) Optimization of a biotransformation process for production of epoxyethane. c) Involvement of a specific monooxygenase in the formation of chiral epoxides. d) Stereoselectivity of epoxyalkane degradation. e) Substrate specificity toward a range of olefins.Micrococcus sp. M90C stereospecifically formed S-(+)-phenyl glycidyl ether (ee=93%) and /?-(+)-phenyl methyl sulphoxide (ee>98%), as analyzed by chiral-shift NMR and HPLC. The ability to catalyze heteroatom oxygenation as well as epoxidation of a wide range of olefins in high optical and chemical yields, demonstrates its potential as a 'general-purpose' biocatalyst for the production of optically pure oxygenated compounds.Two other promising ethene-utilizing bacteria (M26, M93 A) each catalyzed the stereospecific formation of S-(+)-phenyl glycidyl ether (ee=93%). This has attracted considerable industrial interest and is currently under investigation at ICI for commercial production of optically active./1-blockers. In addition to Micrococcus sp. M90C, the substrate specificities of 6 other organisms were studied in order to probe the active site of the enzymes involved. The pattern of reactivity for the group of 4 ethene-(M26, M90C, M93A, M186) and 2 propene-(M142, M l 56) utilizers differed from that expected with peracids, suggesting a considerable degree of enzymatic control.The nature of the substrate, however, modulated enzymatic epoxidations in Staphylcoccus sp. M97B. CONTENTS

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Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Nature

Cited by 395 publications

References 0 publications

Degradation of Benzo [a] Pyrene by a novel strain Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447)

Degradation of Benzo [a] Pyrene by a novel strain Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447)

Prélèvement, stockage intracellulaire et dégradation des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques par un champignon tellurique : Fusarium solani

Biocatalysts for production of chiral epoxides

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