Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences

Jin, Jingxi; Wang, Shijie; Hu, Jicheng; Wu, Jing; Li, Meihong; Wang, Ying; Jin, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.007

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…With the commercial availability of many newly synthesized reference standards and development of advanced analytical methods, all CN congeners have been analyzed from various environmental matrixes around the World including North America [124,135], Europe [25][26][27]86,125,[136][137][138], Asia [14,17,38], Africa [18], China [102][103][104][105][106], to mention a few. They were also detected in adipose tissues, blood and other human fluid samples [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Humans become exposed to PCNs mainly by ingestion of foods [54].…”

Section: Human and Environmental Levels Of Pcnsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Blood samples from voluntary healthy contributors are routinely collected with vein puncture cannula, needle, and syringe. The samples must be centrifuged immediately after venipuncture to get plasma portion and preserved in refrigerator until analysis [31,32]. Human adipose (fatty) tissues are collected usually from donors during cosmetic surgery (liposuction or lipectomy) process and stored immediately in cleansed glass bottles inside a refrigerator [33,35].…”

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies on human samples hydrolyzed the lipids in the extracts using acid, separated the possible contaminants on activated carbon, and purified on alumina column before instrumental analysis [127]. The extracted human serum samples obtained from Yantai city in Shandong Province of East China was purified with GPC column and basic alumina column [31].…”

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published reports on PCN analysis on various human samples employed different models of gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer; HRGC/HRMS, GC/HRMS, GC/MS [30][31][32]. Li et al [30] determined the levels of specific PCN congeners present in human blood samples of China by HRGC/HRMS.…”

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of PCNs have been widely studied in various matrices around the world; air [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], fish and seafood's [21][22][23][24], foods [25][26][27][28], biota [8,23,29], human samples [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], sediment [23,29,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], water [43,48,49], sewage sludge samples [50]. Nevertheless, studies relating to PCN occurrence in water samples is minimal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A review on occurrence and analytical procedures for the evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human and environmental matrices

Agunbiade

Adeniji

Okoh

et al. 2020

Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability

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Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are organochlorine compounds comprising the naphthalene ring system, in which one to eight hydrogen atoms have been substituted with chlorine atoms, yielding 75 chlorinated congeners. They were considered as persistent organic pollutants in May 2015 at the Stockholm Convention owing to their toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential for long-range transport in the environment. PCNs were invented in the early 1900s to be applied as flame-retardants in consumer products. Flameretardants are effective in minimizing fire-related problems. However, their negative environmental impacts have become of great concerns. Different analytical methods for the evaluation of PCNs in various environmental samples were reviewed in this article.. Their levels in human and some environmental samples across the globe are also mentioned. Reported data revealed that the highly toxic congeners (CNs 66, 67 and 73) are prevalent in most samples, there is need for their continuous monitoring in our environment.

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Section: Human and Environmental Levels Of Pcnsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A review on occurrence and analytical procedures for the evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human and environmental matrices

Agunbiade

Adeniji

Okoh

et al. 2020

Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Persistent Organic Pollutants (Part II): The New POPs – Sources and Adverse Effects

Prabhu¹,

Lakshmipraba²

2021

Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies

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WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes

Tschiggfrei,

Schächtele,

Fernandes

et al. 2023

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk

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The concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) were determined in 40 pooled human milk samples from 39 countries covering all five of the United Nations regional groups. The samples were collected in the 2016–2019 exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).The median concentration of the sum of 26 PCN was 55 pg/g lipid (range 27 pg/g to 170 pg/g). Human milk from European countries showed considerably higher levels than those found in milk from countries in the African, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America/Caribbean regions. The most abundant congeners were the congener pairs PCN 52/60 and PCN 66/67 (inseparable by conventional chromatography) and to a lesser extent PCN 28/36, PCN 42, PCN 46, PCN 48, PCN 59, and PCN 69.Among other adverse biological effects, a critical response of many PCN congeners is dioxin-like toxicity. So, in addition to reporting concentrations of individual congeners, the toxic equivalents (TEQ) were also calculated in these samples, using two sets of relative effect potency (REP) values: a set that has been used in a number of human exposure studies and another set reported by Falandysz et al. (J Environ Sci Health, Part C: Environ Carcinogenesis Ecotoxicol Rev 32(3):239–272, 2014). The median PCN-TEQ concentration in human milk was 0.07 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.03 pg/g to 0.23 pg/g), when calculated using the human biomonitoring study REPs, and 0.03 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.01 pg/g to 0.10 pg/g), when calculated with other suggested REPs. The vast majority, about 90%, of this TEQ can be attributed to the PCN 66/67 congener pair. Individual REPs for PCN 66 and 67 from in vivo studies are quite different, but a chromatographic separation of these two congeners is not possible under routine GC conditions. Different approaches to estimate the uncertainties showed that the value of the REPs used is more important than the analytical problem to separate PCN 66 and PCN 67. PCN-TEQ based on the two sets of REPs differ approximately by a factor of 2.2, whereas the congener-specific determination was estimated to result in approximately 30% lower concentrations in comparison with the standard method.The assessment of PCN 66 and PCN 67 in order to obtain confirmed TEF would be most important for calculations of the dioxin-like toxicity of PCN, followed by PCN 69. Minor contributions to PCN-TEQ concentrations in human milk come from PCN 52/60, PCN 64/68, PCN 70, and PCN 73.On average, the contribution of PCN-TEQ to the cumulative TEQ (including the overall sum of toxic equivalents of PCDD, PCDF, and dioxin-like PCB [WHO2005-TEQ]) is between 1% and 2%, with a wider range of up to 5% for the 39 countries of this study. This is about an order of magnitude lower than the contribution of dioxin-like PCB to the cumulative TEQ (median 26%). In line with the observed higher total PCN concentrations, European countries also showed considerably higher levels of PCN-TEQ than found in the other regions. PCN-TEQ calculated with REPs used in human biomonitoring studies add on average about 2% to the cumulative TEQ of dioxin-like contaminants in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, and Latin American and Caribbean countries and about 4% in European countries. The corresponding contribution of PCN-TEQ calculated using the other set would be 1% in non-European countries and 2% in European countries.

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Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

A review on occurrence and analytical procedures for the evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human and environmental matrices

A review on occurrence and analytical procedures for the evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human and environmental matrices

Persistent Organic Pollutants (Part II): The New POPs – Sources and Adverse Effects

WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes

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