Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs and cow milk around municipal dumpsites in Abuja, Nigeria

Oloruntoba, Kike; Sindiku, Omotayo; Osibanjo, Oladele; Bǎlan, Simona A.; Weber, Roland

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.045

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…MSW are not separated at source in Nigeria. Consequently considerable quantities of plastics end up at the dumpsites where it becomes fuel of landfill/dumpsite fires with associated releases and exposure [58][59][60]. Other plastic products have currently a similar end of life fate including the plastics and polymer foams from products such as waste from EEE (WEEE) and EoL vehicles [26,53,61].…”

Section: Plastic Use and The Resulting Wastesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since there is no effective solid waste sorting systems; mixed wastes including plastics end up in dumpsites where they are set on fire. These open burning methods result in the release of hazardous substances into the environment as a result of the plasticizers and flame retardants used in the plastics and contaminate air and soils and food [58,60,65,66].…”

Section: Environmental Pollution and Human Health Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ensuring sustainability in plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections

et al. 2019

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Background: Currently, plastic is at the top of the international agenda for waste management. Recent meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel and the Stockholm Conventions have expressed concerns over the impact of plastic waste, marine plastic litter, and microplastics, and emphasised the importance of reducing consumption and ensuring the environmentally sound management of waste plastics. This study presents the first continental historical analysis of mass importation and consumption of different polymers and plastics (primary and secondary forms, respectively) in Africa and the associated pollution potential. We identified, collated and synthesised dispersed international trade data on the importation of polymers and plastics into several African countries. Results: The 33 African countries (total population of 856,671,366) with available data for more than 10 years imported approximately 86.14 Mt of polymers in primary form and 31.5 Mt of plastic products between 1990 and 2017. Extrapolating to the continental level (African population of 1.216 billion in 54 countries), about 172 Mt of polymers and plastics valued at $285 billion were imported between 1990 and 2017. Considering also the components of products, an estimated 230 Mt of plastics entered Africa during that time period, with the largest share going to Egypt (43 Mt, 18.7%), Nigeria (39 Mt, 17.0%), South Africa (27 Mt, 11.7%), Algeria (26 Mt, 11.3%), Morocco (22 Mt, 9.6%), and Tunisia (16 Mt, 7.0%). Additionally, primary plastic production in 8 African countries contributed 15 Mt during 2009-2015. The assessment showed that environmentally sound end-of-life management of waste plastics by recycling and energy recovery is in its infancy in Africa, but recycling activities and thermal recovery have started in a few countries. Conclusions: Globally, the perception is that production and consumption of plastics can only increase in the future. Solutions are needed to tackle this global challenge. Certain policies and plastic bag bans could help reduce plastic consumption in the near future, as demonstrated by Rwanda. Furthermore, there is a need for innovative solutions such as the introduction of biodegradable polymers and other alternatives, especially for packaging.

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Section: Plastic Use and The Resulting Wastesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Pollution and Human Health Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring sustainability in plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections

et al. 2019

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“…Open burning of solid waste is also a common practice in most African countries inclusive of polymeric products (Babayemi et al 2014). As a result of lack of effective solid waste management, mixed wastes including polymers end up in dump sites where they are burnt, resulting in the release of POPs into the environment (Oloruntoba et al 2019). Studies have further shown that depending on the type and use, polymeric products contain a wide range of additives such as plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, acid scavengers, light and heat stabilizers, lubricants, pigments, antistatic agents, slip compounds and thermal stabilizers which are used for various purposes (Geyer et al 2017;GIA 2008;Rajaram 2009;Hahladakis et al 2018;UNEP 2019b).…”

Section: Environmental Releasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on POPs such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in different matrices have been carried out in Africa (Asante et al 2011;Babayemi et al 2015;Odusanya et al 2009;Oloruntoba et al 2019;Sindiku et al 2015;Mansour 2009;Nkabinde et al 2018;Adu-Kumi-Jonathan et al 2019;Vaccher et al 2020;Katima et al 2017;Sibiya et al 2019). However, there is limited information on CP studies in different matrices, with the exception of the studies by Adu-Kumi-Jonathan et al ( 2019), Brits et al (2020) and Möckel et al (2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Nevondo

Okonkwo

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.

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“…Commercial decabromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-209) containing 97% decabromodiphenyl ethers and 3% nonabromodiphenyl ethers have the largest application in the market due to their low price and superior performance (Luo et al 2007;Sun et al 2020), accounting for more than 75% of the total ame retardants (Sakai et al 2001). BDE-209 is usually used in circuit boards, textiles and other products as additive ame retardants (Talsness.2008;Oloruntoba et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution control mechanism analysis of thermal degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether by zinc oxide

Gao

Yuan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Low brominated diphenyl ethers and brominated dioxins with high toxicity were easily produced in the pyrolysis process of decabromodiphenyl ethers, Based on this, the pyrolysis process of BDE-209 and ZnO was studied by differential thermal gravimetric analysis (DTA-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GC and GC / MS. The results showed that the addition of zinc oxide reduced the activation energy of BDE-209 thermal degradation reaction, thus reducing the thermal degradation temperature of BDE-209; after the addition of zinc oxide, BDE-209 pyrolysis produced more brominated dioxins at 400 ℃ When BDE-209 and ZnO were degraded at 400 ℃ at 2.4:1 (w / W), the degradation rate reached 100% at 2 h. At this time, the relative content of hexabromo- and heptabromo- dioxins was lower, and the relative content of hexabromobenzene and pentabromobenzene was the highest. Combined with Arrhenius formula calculation, soft and hard acid-base theory and XRD product analysis of pyrolysis residue, the mixed pyrolysis mechanism of BDE-209 and zinc oxide was deeply discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for pollution prevention and control of waste printed circuit boards in heat treatment.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs and cow milk around municipal dumpsites in Abuja, Nigeria

Cited by 33 publications

References 61 publications

Ensuring sustainability in plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections

Ensuring sustainability in plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Pollution control mechanism analysis of thermal degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether by zinc oxide

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