Poly(ε-caprolactone)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite mechanical reinforcement and morphology: the role of nanocrystal pre-dispersion

Germiniani, Luiz G. L.; Silva, Laura C. E. da; Plivelic, Tomás S.; Gonçalves, Maria do Carmo

doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2860-9

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Here, the CNCs are found to be dispersed throughout the specimen, with individual CNC particles appearing to be identifiable, indicating no significant agglomeration. Similar TEM images revealing distinguishable CNCs dispersed throughout a polymer sample have been reported in literature for poly(εcaprolactone), 89 rubber latex, 90 and a polyester synthesized from polyols and sebacic acid 91 to name a few examples. Additionally, in some instances, there appears to be end-to-end contact between and localized alignment among CNC particles, which may suggest the percolation in the sample.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Incorporation of Cellulose Nanocrystals into a Cottonseed Oil-Based Network Polymer: Effect on Mechanical Properties

Elmore,

Mubarak,

Schueneman

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage.

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The detrimental issues surrounding the accumulation of traditional plastic waste are well known. A myriad of research has been conducted in the past few decades related to the synthesis of polymers using plant oils as starting monomers to obtain polymers from renewable sources. These polymers can be biodegradable and, therefore, can decrease further plastic waste accumulation. Although many studies have been conducted on the polymerization of soybean oil (SBO), comparatively few studies have been conducted on the polymerization of cottonseed oil (CSO). CSO is an excellent candidate for a plant-based polymer due to the abundance, renewability, and potential biodegradability of the synthesized polymers. We have synthesized cottonseed oil network polymer (CNP) from epoxidized cottonseed oil (ECSO) using maleic anhydride (MAL) as a crosslinker. Further, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been successfully incorporated into CNPs to produce a nanocomposite. Neither solvent exchange of the aqueous CNCs nor surface compatibilization was required before mixing with the ECSO and subsequently with maleic anhydride (MAL). FTIR confirmed the presence of CNCs in the polymer matrix, and the effects of CNCs on the mechanical properties were investigated. CNCs alter the mechanical properties of the crosslinked polymer, with an increase in stiffness/modulus correlating with an increasing CNC content. The polymer's thermal properties, as investigated by thermodynamic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, have not undergone significant changes for the CNC concentrations considered here. Overall, this study demonstrates that CNC can be successfully incorporated into a network polymer derived from CSO, resulting in altered mechanical properties and demonstrating the possibility of tailoring them for various applications.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Incorporation of Cellulose Nanocrystals into a Cottonseed Oil-Based Network Polymer: Effect on Mechanical Properties

Elmore,

Mubarak,

Schueneman

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage.

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“…This is especially important because the level of NC dispersion in the polymer has a significant effect, for example, on its strength properties [63]. The outcomes of many previously conducted studies focused on the reinforcement of polymer composites confirmed that decreasing the hydrophilicity of NC prior to blending with polymers resulted in the enhancement of their mechanical properties [81][82][83][84]. Based on the conducted analysis, it was found that the addition of non-modified nanocellulose did not reduce the amount of formaldehyde contained in the adhesive (Figure 7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

APTES-Modified Nanocellulose as the Formaldehyde Scavenger for UF Adhesive-Bonded Particleboard and Strawboard

et al. 2022

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This work examines the possibility of applying non-modified nanocellulose and nanocellulose functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a formaldehyde scavenger for commonly used urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. The effect of silanization was determined with the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and elemental analysis. Moreover, the ability of cellulosic nanoparticles to absorb the formaldehyde from an aqueous solution was investigated. After homogenization, cured UF adhesives were examined with the use of FTIR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and the perforator method to determine the content of formaldehyde. Manufactured boards made of rape straw particles and wood particles were tested in terms of their physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission. Studies have shown that the applied method of silanization was effective. Furthermore, in the case of non-modified nanocellulose, no sign of formaldehyde scavenging ability was found. However, the functionalization of cellulosic nanoparticles with APTES containing an amino group led to the significant reduction of formaldehyde content in both the aqueous solution and the UF adhesive. The mechanical properties of both strawboards and particleboards were improved due to the nanocellulose reinforcement; however, no effect of silanization was found. Nevertheless, functionalization with APTES contributed to a decrease in formaldehyde emission from boards, which was not found in the case of the introduction of non-modified cellulosic nanoparticles.

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“…Two-dimensional USAXS and SAXS images exhibited nearly circular patterns independent of the five irradiation positions of samples, which suggests that CNC aggregates were randomly distributed throughout the epoxy matrix in all samples, independent of ball milling time and CNC content (Figure a and Tables S3 and S4). , The circular images were converted to one-dimensional profiles by circular averaging, and then the profiles were overlaid in USAXS and SAXS ranges (Figure b). The plots exhibited power-law behavior with exponents of ∼−3 when the scattering vector ( q ) was <0.1 nm –1 , ∼−2 in the q range between 0.1 and 0.5 nm –1 , and ∼−3 when q was >0.5 nm –1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening Effect of Rodlike Cellulose Nanocrystals in Epoxy Adhesive

Pruksawan

Samitsu

Fujii

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Epoxy structural adhesives have been used extensively in the automotive and aerospace industries to bond assembly parts. Much effort has been devoted to enhancing the mechanical properties of epoxy resin by incorporating fillers. Among a variety of fillers investigated for this purpose, nanocelluloses are regarded as a promising type of emerging green filler material because of their excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. Indeed, nanocelluloses have been used as a filler for polymer nanocomposites. However, the toughening and reinforcing effects of nanocelluloses on rigid epoxy adhesives have not yet been fully revealed, particularly from the perspective of adhesive bonded joints. Here we report that epoxy adhesive containing cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aggregates produced using a solvent-free ball milling method achieves drastically improved adhesive strength and fracture toughness compared with that of the reference adhesive without CNCs. The epoxy adhesive containing CNC aggregates exhibited an excellent adhesive strength of 29 MPa and a fracture toughness of 389 J/m2, which were 125% and 378% greater than those of epoxy adhesive without CNCs, respectively.

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Poly(ε-caprolactone)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite mechanical reinforcement and morphology: the role of nanocrystal pre-dispersion

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Incorporation of Cellulose Nanocrystals into a Cottonseed Oil-Based Network Polymer: Effect on Mechanical Properties

Incorporation of Cellulose Nanocrystals into a Cottonseed Oil-Based Network Polymer: Effect on Mechanical Properties

APTES-Modified Nanocellulose as the Formaldehyde Scavenger for UF Adhesive-Bonded Particleboard and Strawboard

Toughening Effect of Rodlike Cellulose Nanocrystals in Epoxy Adhesive

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