IntroductionConducting polymers [1] are organic polymeric materials that possess electronic properties similar to those of metals or inorganic semiconductors. They surpass their inorganic counterparts in solubility and processibility, which makes possible the fabrication of exceptionally thin devices, promising revolutionary advancements in many technologies such as flexible and large-area displays [1-3], field effect transistors [4][5][6], and photovoltaics [7][8][9]. Polyacetylene, the first conducting polymer, was discovered in the 1970s [10,11]. After that, many new conducting polymers were soon synthesized and the scope of this class of material was quickly expanded to include the poly(arylenene), poly(arylene vinylene), and poly(arylene ethynylenes), where the arylenes are pyrrole, benzene, or thiophene. Incorporation of arylenes into the polymer chains affords more stable polymers and also provides anchoring points for side chains, offering additional control of polymer properties such as solubility. As conducting polymers continued to evolve, more sophisticated aromatic units such as fluorenes were incorporated into the main chains and various polymer and copolymers were developed (Figure 4.1(3)) [12]. One interesting feature of fluorene is that its 9-carbon can be readily functionalized with alkyl groups to increase the solubility of the polymer without causing additional twist in the main chain. For the past 10 years, both main chains and side chains are being constantly diversified giving rise to numerous structures and rich combinations of properties, providing an increasingly clear picture of structure-property relationship and allowing for more efficient design and optimization of structures to address various application needs. One of the most important characteristics of a conducting polymer is its bandgap, which is defined as the energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO of a polymer. A small bandgap is desired for increasing the conductivity and enhancing the nonlinear optical properties of the polymers [13,14]. Also, a small bandgap allows the material to absorb light up to a longer wavelength, which is highly desired for photovoltaic applications, where a good coverage of the solar spectrum is required for