Poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) thermoresponsive polymer in novel drug delivery systems: A review

Abstract

Thermoresponsive polymers have been attractively and scientifically significant in the recent years due to the utilization of various pharmaceutical and biomedical formulations. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) is a temperature-responsive polymer, only second to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), the most popular temperature-responsive polymer. PNVCL should be considered an important focus due to the phase transition temperature of such polymer that is close to the physiological temperature. PNVCL is a polymer which offers unrivaled qualities for different potential medical device applications. Specifically, it offers one kind of thermoresponsive abilities, which satisfies the material innovation imperatives required in focused drug delivery applications. PNVCL and PNIPAM polymers are well-studied thermoresponsive abilities since its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is near the physiological temperature and has mostly been used in biomedical applications. Therefore, it can be investigated as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical utilization. This review highlights a comparison of PNVCL with PNIPAM regarding comparable characteristics which also delve into selected examples and the most recent published of applications based on PNVCL with a specific focus on drug delivery system. The consequence exhibits that the PNVCL will play a pivotal role in nanotechnology and the environment.

Physico‐Chemical Properties as a Key Factor in Choosing Practically Applicable Biocompatible Polymers

“…The tendency to aggregation in aqueous solutions below CPT has been found also for other thermoresponsive polymers including poly( N ‐vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL), a close analogue to poly( N ‐vinylpyrrolidone). PVCL is a polymer of type I with LCST around 31 °C that shifts to lower temperatures as the molar mass of the polymer increases.…”

“…Partial vitrification can explain another effect observed for PNIPAM polymers and that is a thermal hysteresis À the LCST on heating is higher than the temperature of dissolution on subsequent cooling of the solution. [26] The tendency to aggregation in aqueous solutions below CPT has been found also for other thermoresponsive polymers including poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL), [28] a close analogue to poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). PVCL is a polymer of type I with LCSTaround 31 C that shifts to lower temperatures as the molar mass of the polymer increases.…”

“…PVCL is a polymer of type I with LCST around 31 °C that shifts to lower temperatures as the molar mass of the polymer increases. For this polymer mesoglobules were also observed and it was shown that for temperatures above CPT the originally polydisperse and non‐compact aggregates transform into almost monodisperse compact mesoglobules with a porous structure …”

“…For this polymer mesoglobules were also observed and it was shown that for temperatures above CPT the originally polydisperse and non-compact aggregates transform into almost monodisperse compact mesoglobules with a porous structure. [28] Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOX) also exhibits thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solutions similarly to PNIPAM and PVCL. [29] The CPTcurves in a phase diagram exhibit a minimum in the range 61 to 64 C depending on the molar mass so that PEtOX is a LCST polymer of type I.…”

Thermal and Structure Analysis Based on Exfoliation of Clay in Thermosensitive Polymer by <i>in-situ</i> Polymerization

“…While the change in interaction at the molecular level between polymer chains is a chemical stimulus, which includes ionic factors, chemical agents and pH [3]. Research by the pharmaceutical and biological fields showed that, between all stimuliresponsive polymers, temperature responsive polymers have the most significant attention because most of the diseases that appear due to a change in temperature are vital physiological factors in the body [4][5][6]. Furthermore, an attractive development was also shown for various applications, such as bioseparation platforms [7], tissue engineering [8], artificial muscles [9][10], environmental issues [11] and sensors [12][13].…”