Pollen‐based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 <sup>14</sup>C yr <scp>bp</scp><sup>†</sup>

Edwards, Mary E.; Anderson, Patricia M.; Brubaker, Linda B.; Ager, Thomas A.; Andreev, Andrei A.; Bigelow, Nancy H.; Cwynar, Les C.; Eisner, Wendy R.; Harrison, Sandy P.; Hu, Feng Sheng; Jolly, Dominique; Lozhkin, Anatoly; MacDonald, Glen M.; Mock, Cary J.; Ritchie, James C.; Sher, Andrei; Spear, Ray W.; Williams, John W.; Yu, Guirui

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x

Cited by 155 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Biome reconstructions from pollen data at 6000±500 14 C yr BP and the last glacial maximum (LGM) at 18 000±1000 14 C yr BP have been produced for most regions of the world under the auspices of the BIOME 6000 project . The validity of the method in reconstructing biomes at different time intervals has been demonstrated for Africa (Jolly et al, 1998a;Elenga et al, 2000), Australia (Pickett et al, 2004) Beringia (Bigelow et al, 2003;Edwards et al, 2000), China (Yu et al, 1998(Yu et al, , 2001), Eastern North America , Eurasia (Tarasov et al, 1998a), Europe (Prentice et al, 1996a, b;Tarasov et al, 1998a, b;Elenga et al, 2000), Japan (Takahara et al, 2001) and Western North America (Thompson and Anderson, 2000). Results from Latin America, presented here, represent the last geographically large area to undergo this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

et al. 2009

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Abstract. The biomisation method is used to reconstruct Latin American vegetation at 6000±500 and 18 000±1000 radiocarbon years before present (14C yr BP) from pollen data. Tests using modern pollen data from 381 samples derived from 287 locations broadly reproduce potential natural vegetation. The strong temperature gradient associated with the Andes is recorded by a transition from high altitude cool grass/shrubland and cool mixed forest to mid-altitude cool temperate rain forest, to tropical dry, seasonal and rain forest at low altitudes. Reconstructed biomes from a number of sites do not match the potential vegetation due to local factors such as human impact, methodological artefacts and mechanisms of pollen representivity of the parent vegetation. At 6000±500 14C yr BP 255 samples are analysed from 127 sites. Differences between the modern and the 6000±500 14C yr BP reconstruction are comparatively small; change relative to the modern reconstruction are mainly to biomes characteristic of drier climate in the north of the region with a slight more mesic shift in the south. Cool temperate rain forest remains dominant in western South America. In northwestern South America a number of sites record transitions from tropical seasonal forest to tropical dry forest and tropical rain forest to tropical seasonal forest. Sites in Central America show a change in biome assignment, but to more mesic vegetation, indicative of greater plant available moisture, e.g. on the Yucatán peninsula sites record warm evergreen forest, replacing tropical dry forest and warm mixed forest presently recorded. At 18 000±1000 14C yr BP 61 samples from 34 sites record vegetation reflecting a generally cool and dry environment. Cool grass/shrubland is prevalent in southeast Brazil whereas Amazonian sites record tropical dry forest, warm temperate rain forest and tropical seasonal forest. Southernmost South America is dominated by cool grass/shrubland, a single site retains cool temperate rain forest indicating that forest was present at some locations at the LGM. Some sites in Central Mexico and lowland Colombia remain unchanged in the biome assignments of warm mixed forest and tropical dry forest respectively, although the affinities that these sites have to different biomes do change between 18 000±1000 14C yr BP and present. The "unresponsive" nature of these sites results from their location and the impact of local edaphic influence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

et al. 2009

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“…also Alfimov et al, 2003). This is an important conclusion, since most of the reconstructions and models predicted a summer temperature decrease for the LGM (Avenarius et al, 1978;Velichko, 1984;Ganopolski et al, 1998;Edwards et al, 2000). The second major point is that during the LGM, mammoths were still able to live not only in the Bykovsky area (72 1N), but much farther north, up to at least 75 1N on Taimyr and the New Siberian Islands, or even to 79 1N on Severnaya Zemlya, and presumably all over the shelf land.…”

Section: The Late Weichselianmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…7%), which is much higher than in modern arctic communities. The average percentage of these spores in recent surface pollen samples from various northeast Siberian tundra areas between the Lena River and Chukotka (Edwards et al, 2000) is 0.7%; local concentrations of Selaginella spores (4-11%) are recorded in less than 5% of all samples. According to Lozhkin (2002), S. rupestris spores comprise no more than 1% of modern spectra in arctic Beringia.…”

Section: The Late Weichselianmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the grass-dominated LGM pollen spectra the relative amount of various herbs, especially of Caryophyllaceae and Compositae (Asteraceae+Cichoriaceae), was much higher than in modern tundra. Among the 84 surface pollen samples from various northeast Siberian tundra areas between the Lena River and Chukotka (Edwards et al, 2000) the percentage of Caryophyllaceae and Compositae pollen is broadly variable (0-18% and 0-20%, respectively), which reflects the local vegetation and seemingly rather short-distance dispersion of these pollen types. But the most frequent values for both families are below 2%, and the means for the whole set are 2.2% and 2.3%.…”

Section: The Late Weichselianmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals

Sher

Kuzmina

Кузнецова

et al. 2005

Quaternary Science Reviews

239

226

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Multidisciplinary study of a key section on the Laptev Sea Coast (Bykovsky Peninsula, east Lena Delta) in 1998-2001 provides the most complete record of Middle and Late Weichselian environments in the East Siberian Arctic. The 40-m high Mamontovy Khayata cliff is a typical Ice Complex section built of icy silts with a network of large syngenetic polygonal ice wedges, and is richly fossiliferous. In combination with pollen, plant macrofossil and mammal fossils, a sequence of ca 70 insect samples provides a new interpretation of the environment and climate of the area between ca 50 and 12 ka. The large number of radiocarbon dates from the section, together with an extensive 14 C database on mammal bones, allows chronological correlation of the various proxies. The Bykovsky record shows how climate change, and the Last Glacial Maximum in particular, affected terrestrial organisms such as insects and large grazing mammals. Both during the presumed ''Karginsky Interstadial'' (MIS 3) and the Sartanian Glacial (MIS 2), the vegetation remained a mosaic arctic grassland with relatively high diversity of grasses and herbs and dominance of xeric habitats: the tundra-steppe type. This biome was supported by a constantly very continental climate, caused by low sea level and enormous extension of shelf land. Variations within the broad pattern were caused mainly by fluctuations in summer temperature, related to global trends but overprinted by the effect of continentality. No major changes in humidity were observed nor were advances of modern-type forest or forest-tundra recorded, suggesting a major revision of the ''Karginsky Interstadial'' paradigm. The changing subtypes of the tundra-steppe environment were persistently favourable for mammalian grazers, which inhabited the shelf lowlands throughout the studied period. Mammal population numbers were lowered during the LGM, especially toward its end, and then flourished in a short, but impressive peak in the latest Weichselian, just before the collapse of the tundra-steppe biome. Throughout MIS 3 and MIS 2, the climate remained very favourable for the aggradation of permafrost. No events of regional permafrost degradation were observed in the continuous Bykovsky sequence until the very end of the Pleistocene. r

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“…In this approach pollen taxa are assigned to plant functional types (PFTs) and to principal vegetation types (biomes) on the basis of the modern ecology, bioclimatic tolerance, and spatial distribution of pollen-producing plants. The method was tested using extensive surface pollen data sets and regionally adapted biome-taxon matrixes from northern Eurasia (Tarasov et al, 1998) and Beringia (Edwards et al, 2000), and further applied to the mid-Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum (Edwards et al, 2000;Tarasov et al, 2000), and last interglacial pollen spectra (Tarasov et al, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene vegetation history of northeastern Russian Arctic inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The 318 m thick lacustrine sediment record from Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russian Arctic cored by the international El'gygytgyn Drilling Project provides unique opportunities for the time-continuous reconstruction of the regional paleoenvironmental history for the past 3.6 Myr. Pollen studies of the lower 216 m of the lacustrine sediments demonstrate their value as an excellent archive of vegetation and climate changes during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. About 3.5-3.35 Myr BP, the vegetation at Lake El'gygytgyn, now an area of tundra was dominated by spruce-larch-fir-hemlock forests. After ca. 3.35 Myr BP dark coniferous taxa gradually disappeared. A very pronounced environmental change took place ca. 3.31-3.28 Myr BP, corresponding to the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2, when treeless tundra-and steppe-like habitats became dominant in the regional vegetation. Climate conditions were similar to those of Late Pleistocene cold intervals. Numerous coprophilous fungi spores identified in the pollen samples suggest the presence of grazing animals around the lake. Following the MIS M2 event, larch-pine forests with some spruce mostly dominated the area until ca. 2.6 Myr BP, interrupted by colder and drier intervals ca. 3.043-3.025, 2.935-2.912, and 2.719-2.698 Myr BP. At the beginning of the Pleistocene, ca. 2.6 Myr BP, noticeable climatic deterioration occurred. Forested habitats changed to predominantly treeless and shrubby environments, which reflect a relatively cold and dry climate. Peaks in observed green algae colonies (Botryococcus) around 2.53, 2.45, 2.32-2.305, 2.20 and 2.16-2.15 Myr BP suggest a spread of shallow water environments. A few intervals (i.e., 2.55-2.53, ca. 2.37, and 2.35-2.32 Myr BP) with a higher presence of coniferous taxa (mostly pine and larch) document some relatively shortterm climate ameliorations during Early Pleistocene glacial periods.

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Pollen‐based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 ¹⁴C yr bp^†

Abstract: The objective biomization method developed by Prentice et al .

Cited by 155 publications

References 78 publications

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals

Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene vegetation history of northeastern Russian Arctic inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record

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Pollen‐based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr bp†

Abstract: The objective biomization method developed by Prentice et al .

Cited by 155 publications

References 78 publications

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago

New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals

Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene vegetation history of northeastern Russian Arctic inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record

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Pollen‐based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 ¹⁴C yr bp^†