Pollen and Fungal Spores Indoor and Outdoor of Mobile Homes

Pollen concentrations inside private cars during the Poaceae andArtemisiaspp. pollen season – a case study

“…The results are in accordance with previous findings of decreasing numbers of pollen grains moving from outdoors to indoors (Muilenberg et al, 1991;Sterling & Lewis, 1998;Lee et al, 2006). Muilenberg et al (1991) observed that vehicle speed within the range of 40-80 km/h, mostly corresponding to the speed of the current study, did not systematically influence bioaerosol penetration.…”

“…1984). In order to minimise problems with oversampling (Sterling & Lewis, 1998), a sampling period was restricted to 20-30 min in the afternoon (15:00-17:00) simulating the period when commuter work traffic is heaviest. A summary of the measurement conditions is presented in Table I.…”

Indoor and outdoor pollen concentrations in private and public spaces during the Betula pollen season

“…The penetration and presence of pollen and pollen allergens are affected by a combination of factors, including the pollen itself, geographic location, weather, season, and the characteristics of the home and its occupants (Sterling and Lewis 1998;Fahlbusch et al 2001). In particular, factors such as outdoor temperature, air-exchange rate, ventilation system, cleaning methods and frequency, and the number and activity of the occupants are important determinants of the indoor concentration of pollen grains and pollen allergens (Sterling and Lewis 1998;Holmquist and Vesterberg 1999;Fahlbusch et al 2001). Although the distance between sampling sites was substantial and there were differences between the ventilation systems and the types of building at the study sites, indoor pollen concentrations at the study sites at the time of the measurements were quite similar (Tables 1, 2).…”

“…Because people spend plenty of time in different indoor spaces and pollen allergens may retain their potency until the next season in dry conditions (Yli-Panula and Ahlholm 1998), it is important to analyse and control pollen concentrations inside buildings. Although the number of studies of pollen concentrations inside and outside different types of building is increasing, little is known about the efficiency of penetration of pollen from outdoor to indoor air and further (Sterling and Lewis 1998;Cariñanos et al 2004;Lee et al 2006). We have studied indoor and outdoor pollen concentrations in private and public spaces throughout the Betula pollen season and assessed the risk of exposure to pollen grains.…”

The role of clothing fabrics as passive pollen collectors in the north‐eastern United States

“…Strategies to reduce the numbers and kinds of indoor allergens include indoor air purification (Chafee, 1985;D'Amato et al, 1996;Sterling & Lewis, 1998;Sabbah, 2000) and shutting down of the avenues of ingress for the outdoor allergens. Yli-Panula & Rantio-Lehtimaki (1995), however, observed that footwear and clothing transport allergens indoors.…”