Politicisation of the European Foreign, security, and defence cooperation: the case of the EU’s Russian sanctions

Abstract

This paper examines the response of the members of the European Council towards the EU's sanctions policy against Russia following the 2014 Russian occupation and annexation of Crimea and the continued Ukraine crisis. The case is analysed to answer the question on the traits of the politicisation of the EU's Russia sanctions policy. Concretely, the main research question is: what does the interplay of actor range, salience, and polarisation tell us about politicisation of CFSP in the case of sanctions policy? The secondary research question deals with how actors interact when contesting a sanctions policy to boost their success. Considering that the European Council, as the main actor in CFSP, is something of a "black box", the paper heuristically focuses on statements (N = 223) on the sanctions policy given by its members from March 2014 till the end of 2019. The analysis shows how the politicisation of the sanctions policy seemingly entrenched itself into EUFP politics after it skyrocketed and fell in the wake of Russia's annexation of Crimea. Finally, a latent class analysis indicates the existence of two latent coalitions with opposing views on the sanctions policy.

Introduction: shades of contestation and politicisation of CFSP

“…Actually, Morin and Paquin claim that many foreign policy issues remain outside the policy cycle and in the exclusive executive domain (Morin and Paquin 2018, p. 42). However, as research on the European Council and the Council of the EU shows (Karlović et al 2021;Juncos and Pomorska 2021;Maurer and Wright 2021), contestation exists all along the cycle, and it has a profound impact on EU foreign and security policy outcomes, even when it is shielded from public eyes.…”