Exploring the dynamics of policy change in EU security and defence: policy entrepreneurs behind the Strategic Compass

Strategies and Impacts of Policy Entrepreneurs: Ideology, Democracy, and the Quest for a Just Transition to Climate Neutrality

“…Policy entrepreneurship can be deployed by actors in and out of government at different levels, and in different domains, if they are "persistent and skilled actors who launch original ideas, create new alliances, work efficiently or otherwise seek to 'punch above their weight'" [46] (p. 1344) [75]. For instance, the current president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, and former EU commissioner Frans Timmermans have been described as policy entrepreneurs for launching the 'European Green Deal' (EGD) in 2019 [74,85], and the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, acted as a policy entrepreneur and pushed for policy change in the EU's foreign and security policy [86,87]. In all, acting as a policy entrepreneur depends on a "set of behaviours in the policy process, rather than a permanent characteristic of a particular individual or role" [88] (p. 78).…”