Policy options for the development of an indigenous tourism SME sector in Kenya.

Abstract

This chapter analyses the current scenario for tourism development in Kenya, identifying that the extant model of tourism development is based on an anachronistic 'colonial' model, with tourism receipts by foreign-owned companies leaking from Kenya rather than contributing to in-country poverty alleviation. The chapter goes on to describe an 'ideal scenario', with tourism development owned and controlled by Kenyans. The chapter places special emphasis on the potential role of indigenous and small and medium-sized enterprises, in line with the UNDP sustainable livelihoods approach and the criteria for poverty alleviation developed by the World Tourism Organization. Obstacles to the achievement of the ideal scenario are identified and discussed. In addressing these obstacles, it is suggested that there needs to be a policy framework for tourism development that is integrated into wider country-building strategies to achieve the optimum exploitation of tourism resources for Kenya.

Emprendeduría Social como Herramienta para la Promoción de la Ciudadanía Global en la gestión del Turismo de Isla

“…The link between sustainability, social entrepreneurship and global citizenship (Figure 2) highlight the underlying advantages to island tourism (Figure 1). Social entrepreneurship in island tourism have the potential for increased employment opportunities and local economic diversification, increasing economic stability in regions which would often otherwise be vulnerable, point also echoed in the work of Wanhill (1995), Rogerson (2003 and Manyara and Jones (2005). The social entrepreneur in island tourism can therefore create business opportunity while benefiting the economy, the society and the environment and respecting global citizenship values.…”

5 Rural Institutions and Imperfect Agricultural Markets in Africa: Experiences from Producer Marketing Groups in Kenya

“…Although the amended act appears to provide for a stronger regulatory framework within which cooperative societies can operate (Manyara 2003;Argwings-Kodhek 2004), it fails to provide sufficient mechanisms for nascent farmer organizations, now registered as welfare groups, to develop fully and transit into cooperative societies. Without proper mechanisms for facilitating and supporting younger producer organizations, the strong regulatory framework stipulated in the act could also inhibit further development and competitiveness.…”

Integrating the third way and third space approaches in a post-colonial world: marketing strategies for the business sustainability of community-based tourism enterprises in Vietnam

“…Similarly, it is argued that the interference-free neoliberal approach is ineffective in framing CBTEs over the longterm (Koot, 2016;Snyman, 2014). For instance, the remedy of outsourcing CBTE marketing to tour operators, which often occurs in joint venture partnerships between a CBTE and a private partner, may leverage the commercial viability of a venture without proper consideration of the conservation and well-being objective (Manyara & Jones, 2005). Meanwhile, the solely protection-driven approach is inappropriate for CBTEs that embraces economic activities.…”

“…CBTE business sustainability and CBTE long-term success are terms used in this research to describe the combination of financial viability and community development priorities. The dual objectives of CBTE sustainability have been widely identified as creating a self-sustaining business that preserves indigenous values and enhances community well-being (Carr, Ruhanen, & Whitford, 2016;Manyara & Jones, 2005). Indeed, Ngo, Lohmann, and Hales (2018) argue that to achieve long-term success, CBTEs should pursue the attainment of the dual objectives in their marketing strategies through balancing the contradictive tourism development approaches included in CBTE marketing.…”