Policy differences in the promotion of renewable energies in the EU member states

Reiche, Danyel; Bechberger, Mischa

doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00343-9

Cited by 239 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…[15][16][17]). In Germany, decentralized agricultural biogas production for combined generation of heat and power (CHP) has become a major bioenergy source.…”

Section: Biogas Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The promotion of certain energy crops under the German EEG law has led to a significant increase, especially in large maize monoculture cropping practices, as maize assures comparatively high energy yields per hectare with high biogas yields during fermentation at the same time. Reasons for the increased use of conventional biomass in organic biogas production can be seen in (i) bad planning of biogas plants that are too large for the exclusive use of own, on-farm inputs or (ii) deliberate planning in order to enhance methane and therefore economic yields by using supplementary low-cost substrates [16]. However, the intensified use of conventionally produced biomasses contradicts the organic idea of a preferably closed farm cycle and may negatively influence customer perception concerning organic biogas production and organic food products.…”

Section: Strategies Of Biomass Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Bioenergy and Food Production—A German Survey on Structure and Developments of Anaerobic Digestion in Organic Farming Systems

et al. 2015

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Rising global energy needs and limited fossil fuel reserves have led to increased use of renewable energies. In Germany, this has entailed massive exploitation of agricultural biomass for biogas generation, associated with unsustainable farming practices. Organic agriculture not only reduces negative environmental impacts, organic farmers were also prime movers in anaerobic digestion (AD) in Germany. This study's aim was to identify the structure, development, and characteristics of biogas production associated with organic farming systems in order to estimate further development, as well as energetic and associated agronomic potentials. Surveys were conducted among organic farms with AD technology. 144 biogas plants could be included in the analysis. Total installed electrical capacity was 30.8 MWel, accounting for only 0.8% of the total installed electrical capacity in the German biogas sector. Recently, larger plant types (>250 kWel) with increased use of (also purchased) energy crops have emerged. Farmers noticed increases in yields (22% on average) and quality of cash crops in arable farming through integrated biogas production. In conclusion, although the share of AD in organic farming is relatively small it can provide various complementary socio-ecological benefits such as the enhancement of food output through digestate fertilization without additional need for land, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock manures and soils. However, to achieve this OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 10710 eco-functional intensification, AD systems and their management have to be well adapted to farm size and production focus and based primarily on residue biomass.

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“…[15][16][17]). In Germany, decentralized agricultural biogas production for combined generation of heat and power (CHP) has become a major bioenergy source.…”

Section: Biogas Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strategies Of Biomass Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Bioenergy and Food Production—A German Survey on Structure and Developments of Anaerobic Digestion in Organic Farming Systems

et al. 2015

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“…Indeed, most countries could cover their total electricity demand using these resources. [ 6,7 ] Recent statistics, however, show that only 18.1% of global energy was supplied by electricity, with the rest of demand being met using chemical fuels. [ 8 ] The globalization of water splitting is a promising route to the sustainable production of the green fuel, hydrogen, and an ultimate goal of the storage of renewable energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Martindale

Reisner

2015

Advanced Energy Materials

141

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are the indirect conversion of solar into chemical energy using a photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyzer [ 9,10 ] system and its direct conversion with a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. [11][12][13] The International Energy Agency identifi ed a key obstacle to the widespread implementation of water splitting technologies to be the development of cheap and active materials to catalyze both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which operate under identical and mild conditions with high efficiency and stability. [ 14 ] The most active catalysts of the HER and OER contain precious metals: Pt and RuO 2 /IrO 2 , respectively, [15][16][17][18] but there is no real possibility to scale up these materials for global demand due to their scarcity. A sustainable and global process will require the use of inexpensive, widely abundant and nontoxic materials. Figure S1 (Supporting Information) shows the recent cost of transition metal resources and their relative crustal abundance. Rare, high cost elements are suitable for use in luxury items such as catalytic converters in automobiles. Even medium cost-abundance catalysts such as the much investigated HER catalysts, Ni-Mo alloys, [ 19,20 ] as well as Ni 2 P, [ 21 ] CoP, [ 22 ] and MoS 2 , [23][24][25][26] and the OER catalysts, cobaltphosphate (CoP i ), [ 27 ] nickel-borate (NiB i ), 25 and (mixed) metal oxide-hydroxides [29][30][31][32] can still suffer from scalability issues. For example, cobalt constitutes the largest cost in most Li-ion rechargeable batteries (LiCoO 2 ), which has contributed to significant research into its replacement with iron (LiFePO 4 ) and manganese (LiMnO 2 ) analogs. [ 33 ] Approaches to overcome the use of more expensive metals in catalysis include the use of ultra-low concentrations of the active catalyst embedded in a lower-cost matrix [ 34 ] or in this case the identifi cation of active species which contain only Earth-abundant elements. [ 30 ] Only three transition metals (titanium, manganese, and iron) are truly abundant in Earth's crust (the primary source of metal ores) and within this group, iron is by far the most plentiful. Hence iron is arguably the most attractive element on which to base sustainable catalysts, due to its effectively inexhaustible supply, low toxicity, and negligible environmental impact. Despite this, iron-based catalysts have been relatively underreported and underused, probably due to their notoriety for corrosion.Iron-based electrodes for either the HER or the OER have been reported, [35][36][37][38][39][40] but bi-functionally active iron-only materials in water splitting are unknown. For example, FeP is described as a promising high activity noble-metal-free material Scalable and robust electrocatalysts are required for the implementation of water splitting technologies as a globally applicable means of producing affordable renewable hydrogen. It is demonstrated that iron-only electrode materials prove to be active for catalyzing both proton reduction and water oxidation in alkali...

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“…Pay-off rules include traditional policy support schemes, such as feed-in tariffs, green certificate schemes and tax advantages (e.g., [63,84]). Pay-off rules also concern mechanisms ensuring local benefit-sharing from wind power projects as exemplified in Denmark, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the USA [9,44,99,31].…”

Section: Management By Means Of Institutional Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network management and renewable energy development: An analytical framework with empirical illustrations

Newell

Sandström

Söderholm

2017

Energy Research & Social Science

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a b s t r a c tThe promotion of renewable energy is an essential component of energy and climate policies, but it is increasingly recognized that the transition toward an increased use of renewable energy sources constitutes a complex socio-political process. Policy is manifested in multi-actor networks beyond formal hierarchies and must therefore build on a comprehensive empirical understanding of the local collaboration processes that make investments in renewable energy projects possible. The objectives of this article are to: (a) propose an analytical framework within which the local development processes leading to renewable energy investments can be understood, in particular emphasizing the management of the relevant actor networks; and (b) provide empirical illustrations of the framework based on existing research. The article argues that, based on network management theory, some network structures can be expected to be more successful than others in facilitating renewable energy development, and we recognize the ways in which networks and their structure tend to be placed within certain institutional contexts of rules. By consulting selected research on wind power development at the local level we illustrate the added value of the proposed framework, and outline the seeds of a future research agenda.

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Policy differences in the promotion of renewable energies in the EU member states

Cited by 239 publications

References 1 publication

Integrated Bioenergy and Food Production—A German Survey on Structure and Developments of Anaerobic Digestion in Organic Farming Systems

Integrated Bioenergy and Food Production—A German Survey on Structure and Developments of Anaerobic Digestion in Organic Farming Systems

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Network management and renewable energy development: An analytical framework with empirical illustrations

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