Polarographie

Heyrovský, J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-5371-0

Cited by 140 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…OP was designed by Jaroslav Heyrovský already in 1941 [75,76], but commercially available instruments became available only in the first half of the 1950s. In this method the dropping mercury electrode (DME) was polarized by AC of 50 Hz, and changes of the electrode potential were mea- in Year Published.…”

Section: Oscillographic Polarography At Controlled Ac and Constant Cumentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty Years of Nucleic Acid Electrochemistry

Paleček

2009

Electroanalysis

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Electrochemistry of nucleic acids (NAs) is a booming field offering sensors for DNA hybridization and DNA damage. Since the middle of the 1990s, when the development of the DNA sensors began, the number of papers in this field is steadily increasing. Electroactivity of DNA and RNA was reported for the first time in 1958. Using oscillographic polarography at controlled AC (OP, AC chronopotentiometry) and a dropping mercury electrode it was shown within several years that OP signals respond to changes in DNA structure and can be used to study DNA denaturation, renaturation, premelting and DNA damage. During the first three decades a number of important findings were done, including introductions of covalently bound electroactive labels in DNA, DNA-modified electrodes, application of solid electrodes, etc., which are now used in the development of the NA sensors. On the other hand a lot of knowledge obtained in the first three decades has remained largely unknown to the present generation of researchers.

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Section: Oscillographic Polarography At Controlled Ac and Constant Cumentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty Years of Nucleic Acid Electrochemistry

Paleček

2009

Electroanalysis

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“…13 Between 1925 and 1940 some organic compounds such as fructose, 14 aromatic and halogenated carbonyl compounds, 15 acetylacetone, 16 and cystine 17,18 were investigated by polarography. The two books in 1941 on polarography by Kolthoff and Lingane 19 and the new edition of Heyrovsky's book 20 ͑in German͒ had a great effect on polarographic research. Examples of compounds investigated polarographically in the nineteen forties are phenylsubstituted olefins and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 21 aliphatic and aromatic halogen compounds, 22 nitro compounds, 23 diazonium salts, 24 and N-heterocycles.…”

Section: -1960-mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Century of Organic Electrochemistry

Lund

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

159

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“…Donat et al Electrochemical methods such as polarography and voltammetry are widely used in trace element speciation in natural water systems because of their metal specificity, high sensitivity and their ability for direct (i.e., without external preconcentration) determination [12 ± 14]. Although the specific potential of voltammetric techniques for characterization of complexation reactions of electroactive metal ions has been recognized for a long time [15], application of voltammetry to metal speciation in freshwaters is quite recent.The objective of this research is to investigate the binding of Pb(II) by a well-characterized fulvic acid (FA) in model systems when major cations, Ca(II) and Mg(II), and other trace metals, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II), compete with Pb(II) for binding sites of the FA.The method of Hoop et al [16] has been adapted as described below. The complexation scheme in which an electroactive metal ion, M (charge omitted for simplicity), associates with a ligand or site, L, to form an electroinactive complex, ML, can be presented as follows:…”

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An Electrochemical Investigation of Complexation of Pb(II) by a Well‐Characterized Fulvic Acid in Model Systems – Effect of Competition with Major Cations and Trace Metals

et al. 2003

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Effect of competition of major cations, Ca 2 , Mg 2 , and trace metals, Cu 2 , Ni 2 and Zn 2 , on the stability of the Pb(II)-fulvic acid (FA) complexes in model systems at constant pH and ionic strength was investigated by squarewave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The results show that the trace metals compete with the target trace metal, Pb(II), for binding sites of the FA even when they are present in the same concentration as that of Pb(II), whereas the major cations compete with Pb(II) only when they are present in massive excess.Keywords: SWASV, Competition, Trace metals, Major cations, Conditional stability constant Information about the competition between trace metals for naturally-occurring organic complexants in freshwaters is scarce. Recent experimental results in our laboratories have clearly demonstrated that in model systems and in freshwaters, competition of other trace metals and major cations with target trace metals for strong (ca. 1 ± 10% of the total sites) and weak (ca. 99 ± 90% of the total sites) binding sites of polyfunctional, polyelectrolytical, macromolecular, heterogeneous, organic complexants, such as humic substances, determines the release of bound metal as free metal ions [1 ± 3]. However, all these results were based on the kinetic approach. However, interpretation of metal complexation by naturally-occurring, heterogeneous, organic complexants, and assessment of their relationship to biogeochemical processes require combined equilibrium and kinetic approaches [4,5]. Here, the effect of trace and major metal competition on the stability of the Pb(II)-FA complexes in model systems has been investigated using the equilibrium approach. Xue et al. [6], Ghosh et al. [7] and Cao et al. [8] have reported on the importance of competitive complexation of trace metals with humic acids on the metal release. Donat et al. Electrochemical methods such as polarography and voltammetry are widely used in trace element speciation in natural water systems because of their metal specificity, high sensitivity and their ability for direct (i.e., without external preconcentration) determination [12 ± 14]. Although the specific potential of voltammetric techniques for characterization of complexation reactions of electroactive metal ions has been recognized for a long time [15], application of voltammetry to metal speciation in freshwaters is quite recent.The objective of this research is to investigate the binding of Pb(II) by a well-characterized fulvic acid (FA) in model systems when major cations, Ca(II) and Mg(II), and other trace metals, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II), compete with Pb(II) for binding sites of the FA.The method of Hoop et al. [16] has been adapted as described below. The complexation scheme in which an electroactive metal ion, M (charge omitted for simplicity), associates with a ligand or site, L, to form an electroinactive complex, ML, can be presented as follows:where M 0 denotes the metal atom, and k a and k d are association and dissociation rate coefficients, respec...

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Polarographie

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

Fifty Years of Nucleic Acid Electrochemistry

Fifty Years of Nucleic Acid Electrochemistry

A Century of Organic Electrochemistry

An Electrochemical Investigation of Complexation of Pb(II) by a Well‐Characterized Fulvic Acid in Model Systems – Effect of Competition with Major Cations and Trace Metals

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