Polarization Effects in Lightwave Systems

Poole, C. D.; Nagel, J.A.

doi:10.1016/b978-012395169-4/50006-1

Cited by 98 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…describes the evolution of the first-order PMD vector,         , along the fiber [1]. L is the transmission distance.…”

Section: First-order Pmd Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a fixed optical frequency component, its output polarization state after an optical fiber is described by a PMD vector, also called the first-order PMD vector. The magnitude of the first-order PMD vector is equal to the differential group delay between two principal states [1]. When there are many optical channels or the channel bit rate is high, the angular frequency derivative of the PMD vector, called the second-order PMD vector, becomes also important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Derivation of the Foschini and Shepp's Joint-Characteristic Function for the First-and Second-Order Polarization-Mode-Dispersion Vectors Using the Fokker-Planck Method

Lee

2008

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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“…describes the evolution of the first-order PMD vector,         , along the fiber [1]. L is the transmission distance.…”

Section: First-order Pmd Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derivation of the Foschini and Shepp's Joint-Characteristic Function for the First-and Second-Order Polarization-Mode-Dispersion Vectors Using the Fokker-Planck Method

Lee

2008

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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“…The mean DGD for a given fiber is a constant that represents both the average of DGD values at one time across a broad spectral bandwidth (1) and the average of DGD values for a single wavelength over a long time period (2) where is the DGD value at wavelength and time . Although the mean DGD for an installed fiber is constant, changing environmental factors (e.g., temperature) cause the instantaneous DGD at a given wavelength to vary randomly about that mean.…”

Section: A Mean Dgdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This first-order model is frequency-independent and is only valid over limited bandwidths. For wider bandwidths, higher order effects must be considered, resulting in frequency-dependent polarization-mode dispersion [1], [2]. The bandwidth over which the PSPs can be assumed constant depends on the properties of the fiber and has been shown to vary inversely with the mean DGD, [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Allen

Kondamuri

Richards³

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-Signal degradation due to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects may become significant for signaling rates of 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, and beyond. To assess the utility of various PMD mitigation schemes, temporal and spectral measurements of differential group delay (DGD) were made on 95 km of buried standard single-mode fiber over an 86-d period to determine the distribution and rate of change of high-DGD events. As expected, statistical analysis of variations in DGD indicate that excursions from the mean DGD by factors of 3.7 or higher have very low probability. For this link, the DGD varied slowly with time (having a drift time of about 3.4 d) and rapidly with wavelength. The DGD data agree well with results of similar experiments reported in the literature. Statistical analysis of the measured DGD data shows that high-DGD episodes will be exceedingly rare and short-lived. The impact of PMD on network operations is explored and approaches to ensure network reliability are reviewed for network operators given the task of transporting high-bit-rate channels over fiber links with known PMD characteristics.

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“…IBER chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) are two major sources of transmission performance degradation in high-speed long-distance optical communication systems [1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion monitoring using coherent detection

Hui

2005

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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Abstract-We propose and experimentally demonstrate a nondestructive method to monitor chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) in traffic-carrying wavelength-division-multiplexing optical systems. Coherent heterodyne detection is used to down convert the spectrum of digitally modulated signal from optical domain into radio-frequency (RF) domain. By analyzing group delay difference and polarization walkoff between different frequency components through proper RF signal processing, both CD and PMD can be precisely determined. Good agreement between experimental results and theoretical values has been obtained.Index Terms-Chromatic dispersion monitoring, coherent detection, heterodyne, optical communication, polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) monitoring, radio-frequency (RF) signal processing. FIBER chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) are two major sources of transmission performance degradation in high-speed long-distance optical communication systems [1].So far, several CD and PMD monitoring methods have been proposed. The measurements of eye-opening penalty, -factor, or BER have been proposed earlier to monitor CD [2], [3], but these electrical domain measurements are data rate dependent and are performed on per-channel basis. The phase-modulation-amplitude-modulation (AM) conversion method proposed in [4] and the AM pilot tones method proposed in [5] and [6] require nonstandard transmitters and receivers. The CD can also be determined by monitoring the power of the clock component after photodetection [7]. However, the measured clock power is influenced not only by CD but also by PMD, and these two effects cannot be separated. Sideband optical filtering technique was also proposed recently to monitor CD [8]. In this case, the measurement accuracy may depend on the optical filter's parameters such as shape, bandwidth, and detuning as well as the optical signal modulation format. In practice, the bandwidth and the shape of an optical filter is difficult to control especially when the required bandwidth is very narrow.As far as the PMD monitoring is concerned, the effect of PMD on an optical system can be evaluated by monitoring the degree of polarization of the optical signal [9], but the results may be sensitive to the variation of signal optical spectrum and the modulation bandwidth. Vestigial sideband optical filtering has been recently proposed to evaluate PMD through measuring the strength reduction of the beating signal between the optical . Although this method is insensitive to effect of CD, the absolute signal strength at the beating frequency depends not only on PMD, but also on the modulation format and the spectral distribution of the optical signal. Therefore, a quantitative and reliable evaluation of PMD might not be possible. Very recently, coherent frequency-selective polarimeter was proposed which has the ability to evaluate PMD [12]. In this method, the measurement of different frequency components within the signal bandwidth is accomplished b...

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Polarization Effects in Lightwave Systems

Cited by 98 publications

References 74 publications

Derivation of the Foschini and Shepp's Joint-Characteristic Function for the First-and Second-Order Polarization-Mode-Dispersion Vectors Using the Fokker-Planck Method

Derivation of the Foschini and Shepp's Joint-Characteristic Function for the First-and Second-Order Polarization-Mode-Dispersion Vectors Using the Fokker-Planck Method

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Fiber chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion monitoring using coherent detection

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