The current study of a diverse sample of 92 male and 140 female college students has two goals: to make an empirical contribution to the debate regarding gender symmetry in intimate partner violence with data from both males and females; and to address inconsistent findings in studies examining the relationship between sexist attitudes and intimate partner violence (IPV; in which some studies find a positive relationship between men's sexism and their IPV, while other studies find protective effects of sexism on IPV). Results indicate that comparable numbers of men and women perpetrate and are victimized in their relationships with intimate partners but, path models suggest that women's violence tends to be in reaction to male violence against them; whereas men tend to initiate violence first, and then their partners respond with violence. Additionally, benevolent sexism was shown to have a protective effect against men's violence toward partners. Findings highlight the importance of studying women's violence not only in the context of male violence but also within a broader socio-cultural context. Keywords: dating violence, ambivalent sexism, college studentsGender Symmetry, Sexism, & Intimate Partner Violence 3 Considerable debate continues regarding the prevalence, direction, and meaning of violence between men and women in intimate relationships (e.g., Frieze, 2005). A number of studies examining men's and women's use of physical violence using survey data primarily from U.S. samples have indicated that the number of women using physical aggression is comparable to that of men (e.g. Archer, 2000; Bookwala, Frieze, Smith, & Ryan, 1992; Dutton, 1994; Stets & Straus, 1990; Straus, 1993 Straus, , 1997 Straus, , 1999.Some studies have found that women used physical aggression more often than their male partners (e.g., Billingham & Sack, 1986; DeMaris, 1992; Gryl, Stith, & Bird, 1991; Magdol, Moffitt, Caspi, Newman, Fagan, & Silva, 1997; Moffit & Caspi, 1999; Sorenson & Telles, 1991).Data from international studies regarding the question of gender symmetry are mixed. In a review of intimate partner violence incidence and prevalence rates from studies worldwide, Krahé, Bieneck and Möller (2005) summarized across 12 studies conducted in 9 countries that compared men's and women's physical victimization by intimate partners. Seven studies found higher numbers of women reporting victimization as compared to men; 3 studies found higher numbers of men reporting victimization; and two studies found equivalent numbers. Among 4 studies that compared men's and women's physical perpetration against intimate partners, 2 found a higher number of women perpetrating violence as compared to men; 1 found a higher number of men perpetration violence; and one found equivalency.Evidence from a different body of studies, in which evidence is drawn from crime statistics and arrest data, indicate that all forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) are overwhelmingly perpetrated by men against women (Dobash & Dobash, 1992;...

Abstract. We developed two 150-MHz coherent radar depth sounders for ice thickness measurements over the Greenland ice sheet. We developed one of these using connectorized components and the other using radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). Both systems are designed to use pulse compression techniques and coherent integration to obtain the high sensitivity required to measure the thickness of more than 4 km of cold ice. We used these systems to collect radar data over the interior and margins of the ice sheet and several outlet glaciers. We operated both radar systems on the NASA P-3B aircraft equipped with GPS receivers. Radar data are tagged with GPS-derived location information and are collected in conjunction with laser altimeter measurements. We have reduced all data collected since 1993 and derived ice thickness along all flight lines flown in support of Program for Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA) investigations and the North Greenland Ice Core Project. Radar echograms and derived ice thickness data are placed on a server at the University of Kansas (http://tornado. rsl.ukans.edu/Greenlanddata.htm) for easy access by the scientific community. We obtained good ice thickness information with an accuracy of _+ 10 m over 90% of the flight lines flown as a part of the PARCA initiative. In this paper we provide a brief description of the system along with samples of data over the interior, along the 2000-m contour line in the south and from a few selected outlet glaciers. IntroductionIn 1991, NASA started a polar research initiative aimed at determining the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. This program consisted of coordinated surface, airborne, and spaceborne measurements for determining the mass balance of the ice sheet. The initial airborne program consisted of a laser altimeter and a Ku-band radar altimeter for measuring surface elevation of the ice sheet along selected flight lines. In 1993 the airborne instrumentation suite was expanded to include a radar depth sounder to collect ice thickness data along the same flight lines. Ice thickness is a key variable in the timedependent equation of continuity and is essential to any study of ice sheet dynamics.Raju et al.[1990] developed a coherent radar sounder for measurements in the Antarctic. We used this system to collect ice thickness data during the 1993 field season. Although the system collected good quality data in certain areas in the north and central parts of the ice sheet, its performance was less than optimum for obtaining ice thickness data over a few parts of the ice sheet in southern Greenland. These are in temperate areas of the ice sheet with thick, warm ice. To overcome its limitations and improve its performance, we developed two new systems: one using connectorized components and the other using radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). The transmitter and receiver prototypes for the system using RFICs were developed by senior undergraduate students as part of a capstone design project. We used these prototypes to devel...

This study explored the influence of participation, gender and organizational sense of community (SOC) on both the intrapersonal and interactional components of psychological empowerment (PE). Participants were residents (n = 562) involved in community organizing efforts in five U.S. communities. Measures of participation and SOC were tailored to community organization contexts. SOC assessed three dimensions: (1) connection of members to the organization; (2) perceptions about the organization as a bridge to other groups and organizations in the broader community; and (3) bond or attachment to the community at large. Income (low, middle and high-income) was tested as a moderator of these relationships. Results showed significant moderating effects of income on the relationship between participation, gender and SOC on both components of PE. Participation was positively related with intrapersonal empowerment across income levels, but positively related with interactional empowerment only for low-income individuals. Gender was only associated with intrapersonal empowerment, and only for low-income individuals. SOC, as expressed through bridging to the broader community, was positively related with interactional PE for all income levels, but with intrapersonal PE for only low and middle-income individuals. In contrast, member connection to the organization was not related to interactional empowerment and significantly related to intrapersonal empowerment only for individuals with higher income. The importance of participation, gender and SOC for different types of empowerment and the impact of income on the SOC-empowerment relationship are discussed.

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