Polarization Control and Dynamic Properties of VCSELs for MEMS Atomic Clock Applications

Al-Samaneh, Ahmed; Sanayeh, Marwan Bou; Renz, S.; Wahl, Dietmar; Michalzik, Rainer

doi:10.1109/lpt.2011.2151853

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Sandia National Laboratories are known to develop high-performance 894.6 nm VCSELs for DARPA CSACs projects [6] but, to our knowledge, these components remain unaccessible for other customers. Recently, Al-Samaneh et al reported on the technology description, polarization stability and small-signal characteristics of novel customdesigned polarization-stable and single-mode VCSELs emitting at 894.6 nm wavelength [7]. In the present communication we demonstrate high-level performance of very similar VCSELs (described in section 2) and prove their suitability for chip-scale atomic clocks.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Gruet¹,

Al-Samaneh²,

Kroemer³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report on the characterization and validation of customdesigned 894.6 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), for use in miniature Cs atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The laser relative intensity noise (RIN) is measured to be 1 × 10 −11 Hz −1 at 10 Hz Fourier frequency, for a laser power of 700 μW. The VCSEL frequency noise is 10 13 · f −1 Hz 2 /Hz in the 10 Hz < f < 10 5 Hz range, which is in good agreement with the VCSEL's measured fractional frequency instability (Allan deviation) of ≈ 1 × 10 −8 at 1 s, and also is consistent with the VCSEL's typical optical linewidth of 20-25 MHz. The VCSEL bias current can be directly modulated at 4.596 GHz with a microwave power of −6 to +6 dBm to generate optical sidebands for CPT excitation. With such a VCSEL, a 1.04 kHz linewidth CPT clock resonance signal is detected in a microfabricated Cs cell filled with Ne buffer gas. These results are compatible with state-of-the-art CPT-based miniature atomic clocks exhibiting a short-term frequency instability of 2-3×10 −11 at τ = 1 s and few 10 −12 at τ = 10 4 s integration time.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Gruet¹,

Al-Samaneh²,

Kroemer³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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“…It begins by using the single-ended VCSEL impedance properties [16], and taking half of its differential transform, denoted as point DP1 (impedance of 20-j35 ) on the Smith chart of Fig. 10.…”

Section: A Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

CPT Cesium-Cell Atomic Clock Operation With a 12-mW Frequency Synthesizer ASIC

Zhao

Tanner

Casagrande

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Abstract-In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and electrical characterization of a low-power microwave source for interrogation of cesium atomic hyperfine transition frequency using the coherent population trapping (CPT) technique. The 4.6-GHz frequency generation and signal buffering is performed by a single-chip frequency synthesizer ASIC with a frequency tuning resolution of 1 × 10 −13 and a programmable RF output power from −10 to 0 dBm. The circuit was used to modulate the current of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser through a dedicated impedance matching network and low thermal conductivity transmission line. Strong modulation sidebands with >60% of carrier amplitude were obtained with an ASIC power consumption of 12 mW. The system was used as optical source for atomic interrogation in an experimental cesium CPT clock. The measured clock stability of 5 × 10 −11 at τ = 1 s, going down to 4.5 × 10 −12 at τ = 200 s, is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected CPT signal.

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“…The laser source is a custom-designed VCSEL resonant at 894. 6 nm developed by Ulm University [20]. The laser dc current-temperature couple is biased to l. 3 rnA -30°C to be resonant with Cs atom transition Dl line.…”

Section: Vcsel Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of compact CPT clocks based on a Cs-Ne microcell

Boudot

Liu

Kroemer

et al. 2012

2012 European Frequency and Time Forum

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Polarization Control and Dynamic Properties of VCSELs for MEMS Atomic Clock Applications

Cited by 29 publications

References 8 publications

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

CPT Cesium-Cell Atomic Clock Operation With a 12-mW Frequency Synthesizer ASIC

Characterization of compact CPT clocks based on a Cs-Ne microcell

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