Poisoning of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by contaminants and impurities: Review of mechanisms, effects, and mitigation strategies

Shabani, Bahman; Hafttananian, M.; Khamani, Sh.; Ramiar, Abas; Ranjbar, A.A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.097

Cited by 163 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 259 publications

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“…Note that the features of the hierarchical structural organization of PtCu/C catalysts are determined not only by the shape and size of the metal nanoparticles, but also by their spatial distribution on the surface of the support, and have a crucial effect on the activity of catalysts in ORR and MOR [20][21][22][23]. The evaluation of some PtCu/C catalysts activity and stability in ORR and MOR obtained in electrochemical cells clearly indicates their high functional characteristics [20][21][22]24]. Unfortunately, the composition of bimetallic nanoparticles changes in the process of their functioning: there is a selective dissolution of atoms of the alloying component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…To reduce the content of the precious metal in the bimetallic catalyst, while increasing its activity in current-forming reactions, attempts have been made to optimize the composition and structure of platinum-containing nanoparticles [10,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Note that the features of the hierarchical structural organization of PtCu/C catalysts are determined not only by the shape and size of the metal nanoparticles, but also by their spatial distribution on the surface of the support, and have a crucial effect on the activity of catalysts in ORR and MOR [20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A membrane-electrode assembly with a proton-conducting polymer electrolyte is another matter. Under the conditions of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) operation, the selective dissolution of the base metal from the nanoparticles is dangerous due to the possible poisoning of both the proton conducting polymer, which is a part of the catalytic layer, and the polymer membrane [24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effective Platinum-Copper Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

et al. 2020

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The behavior of supported alloyed and de-alloyed platinum-copper catalysts, which contained 14–27% wt. of Pt, was studied in the reactions of methanol electrooxidation (MOR) and oxygen electroreduction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO4 solutions. Alloyed PtCux/C catalysts were prepared by a multistage sequential deposition of copper and platinum onto a Vulcan XC72 dispersed carbon support. De-alloyed PtCux−y/C catalysts were prepared by PtCux/C materials pretreatment in acid solutions. The effects of the catalysts initial composition and the acid treatment condition on their composition, structure, and catalytic activity in MOR and ORR were studied. Functional characteristics of platinum-copper catalysts were compared with those of commercial Pt/C catalysts when tested, both in an electrochemical cell and in H2/Air membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). It was shown that the acid pretreatment of platinum-copper catalysts practically does not have negative effect on their catalytic activity, but it reduces the amount of copper passing into the solution during the subsequent electrochemical study. The activity of platinum-copper catalysts in the MOR and the current-voltage characteristics of the H2/Air proton-exchange membrane fuel cell MEAs measured in the process of their life tests were much higher than those of the Pt/C catalysts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effective Platinum-Copper Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

et al. 2020

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“…Attending to poisoning mechanisms and mitigation strategies studied in scientific literature [36] in relation to the impurities effects on PEFC performance, in this section there will be explained the procedure and used material to carried out the experimental test. Then, firstly there will be explained the test bench used, next a detail of the high and low temperature membrane used during experimentation and the last parts of the section describe the gas supply facility and the procedure to make the experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ammonia Impurities on the Hydrogen Flow in High and Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

et al. 2019

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Fuel cells are a promising technology to use as a source of electricity and heat for buildings, and as an electrical power source for electric motors propelling vehicles. They consume hydrogen as fuel and oxygen to produce electricity, heat and water. Conventional fuels, such as natural gas, methanol, or even gasoline are reformed to produce the hydrogen required by the fuel cells. During the reforming process, impurities are inevitably obtained in the hydrogen flow. One of them is ammonia (NH 3 ) that can result in serious damage to the fuel cell operation. In this paper, the effects produced by different concentrations of NH 3 present in the hydrogen flow on the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance are studied, differentiating between irreversible and recoverable damages. Strictly experimental, the study includes both low and high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC).The NH 3 poisoning effect is analyzed and quantified by comparing the polarization curves. After the poisoning stage, the cells are subjected to a regeneration process (feeding the cell with neat H 2 ) with the aim of knowing the membrane's recovery capacity. The experimental results demonstrate that in low temperature (LT)-PEFCs, the cell recovers its performance almost completely with a new exposure to neat H 2 , in spite of the damage previously caused by the presence of traces of NH 3 in the anode feed stream. In contrast, in high temperature (HT)-PEFCs, the cell suffers irreversible damage, even with short time exposure to NH 3 . The paper concludes with discussing the possible chemical interactions by which NH 3 affects the cell performance.

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“…A study [47] reported that AEMFCs exhibit improved performance and high stability in 2018. In 2019, numerous reviews of PEMFCs were published, including a review of PEMFC-based micro-combined heat and power systems [48], PEMFC applications for electric vehicles and energy management strategies [49,50], PEMFC poisoning by contaminants and impurities [51], mechanical compression effects and stress effects on PEMFCs [52,53], humidification strategy for PEMFCs [54], and design optimization for PEMFCs [55]. These reviews are similar to the 2000 reviews of SOFCs.…”

Section: Technology Review Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Lee

Lin²

2020

Sustainability

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Renewable and sustainable energy technologies must undergo commercialization before contributing to people's sustainable development. Among different approaches, commercialization to become unicorn start-ups has attracted considerable attention. Unicorn start-ups are companies achieving a valuation of over US$1 billion before launching initial public offerings. Herein, a company adopting solid oxide fuel cells as its single product and becoming a unicorn start-up is considered the case company (Company B). Established in 2001, Company B accumulated US$825.7 million of actual funding and a peak valuation of US$2.9 billion before being publicly listed. After being listed in July 2018, Company B achieved unicorn start-up status. Searching ScienceDirect Online and the IEEE/IET Electronic Library, this. study collects reviews of fuel cell technology development trends. From CB insights, the study collects the timing and amount of funding received by fuel cell-related unicorn start-ups worldwide. The Derwent Innovation (DI) tool is employed to analyze the status of fuel cell-related patent applications of these unicorn start-ups. This study integrates technology review, business status, and patent application data for analysis. Unlike previous technology reviews focusing on researches and developments, this study emphasizes the analysis of intellectual-property-based (IP-based) commercialization strategies. Specifically, it analyzes key factors explaining how a company producing solid oxide fuel cells could transform into a unicorn start-up. These factors are compiled into a ladder framework to provide a reference. Five quantitative indices are promoted. From the managerial point of view, this framework provides an executable guideline for effectively transforming sustainable energy technology into a high-valuation unicorn start-up.

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Poisoning of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by contaminants and impurities: Review of mechanisms, effects, and mitigation strategies

Cited by 163 publications

References 259 publications

Effective Platinum-Copper Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Effective Platinum-Copper Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Effects of Ammonia Impurities on the Hydrogen Flow in High and Low Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

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