Pointers to Interventions for Promoting COVID-19 Protective Measures in Tourism: A Modelling Approach Using Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Health Belief Model

Abstract

Based on the factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM), and the DOSPERT scale, used to measure general risk-taking behaviour, a combined model has been developed for investigating tourists’ intentions to implement protective measures against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of the study is to formulate a model that Swiss tourism practitioners can use to understand tourists’ decision-making regarding the acceptance and proper implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). A large-scale cross-sectional population study that is representative for the Swiss population has been designed to validate the model (N = 1,683; 39% response rate). In our empirical investigation, a simple regression analysis is used to detect significant factors and their strength. Our empirical findings show that the significant effects can be ordered regarding descending effect size from severity (HBM), attitude (TPB), perceived behavioural control (TPB), subjective norm (TPB), self-efficacy (HBM), and perceived barriers (HBM) to susceptibility (HBM). Based on this information, intervention strategies and corresponding protective measures were linked to the social-psychological factors based on an expert workshop. Low-cost interventions for tourists (less time, less money, and more comfort), such as the free provision of accessories (free mask and sanitizers) or free testing (at cable cars), can increase the perceived behavioural control and lower the perceived barriers and thus increase the acceptance of this protective measure.

The Effect of Base Theory Educational Intervention on Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Women Susceptible to Cardiovascular Diseases: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

“…In this study, after the educational intervention, the mean score of subjective norms for healthy behaviors among women susceptible to cardiovascular diseases in the experimental group was signifcantly increased compared to the control group. In this study, the training sessions was held with the presence of a family member (preferably spouse), a doctor and staf of health centers as efective subjective norms which is in a good agreement with the results of Ohnmacht et al [38], Khani Jeihooni et al [39], Moridi et al [40], and Lareyre et al [41].…”

“…Ohnmacht et al's study with the aim of investigating the pointers to interventions for promoting COVID-19 protective measures in tourism showed an increase in subjects' subjective norms after the educational intervention [38]. Also, Khani Jeihooni et al's study, with the aim of investigating the efect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on doing breast selfexamination in a sample of Iranian women, showed an increase in subjects' subjective norms after the educational intervention [39] and in Lareyre et al study with the aim of investigating the characteristics and impact of theory of planned behavior interventions on smoking behavior showed an increase in subjects' subjective norms after the educational intervention [40].…”

What Factors Will Influence Chinese International Traveling for Leisure in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Role of Health Priorities and Health-Related Information Literacy

“…In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, [32] The Health Belief Model (HBM) and Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) were integrated to provide a theoretical foundation for a decision-making strategy for preventive travel. Ohnmacht, et al [33] developed an integrated model based on the TPB and HBM and measured general risktaking behavior in the case of COVID-19. Nazneen, et al [34] examined the impact of COVID-19 on travel avoidance concerning the protection motivation theory (PMT).…”

“…[51]. A person's perceptions of the boundaries of engaging in a suggested activity, or a treatment that may be "inconvenient, costly, and difficult to do", are known as perceived barriers [33]. In the context of the HBM, perceived barriers are behaviors that prevent individuals from performing health-centric actions [52].…”

Women’s Risk-Taking Behaviour during COVID-19 Pandemic: Will Work–Family Enrichment and Work Satisfaction Prevent Turnover Intention?

“…Thus, remaining in working in the hotel industry is a high-risk-taking behaviour. Risk-taking behaviour is employees' contact with hazardous materials, devices, or other poor working conditions, and apparent threats at the workplace project alter job satisfaction levels (Ohnmacht et al 2022). If employees were aware of the negative consequences of unsafe working conditions and queried the reason for exposing themselves to such risks, it would reduce satisfaction with the job (Kang et al 2021).…”