Point-of-care testing based on smartphone: The current state-of-the-art (2017–2018)

Arrowhead Technology for Digitalization and Automation Solution: Smart Cities and Smart Agriculture

“…Multiple solutions for the medical field using smartphones are given in [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Thus, the design of a smartphone-based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) [12] represents an alternative to a mobile lab for analysis testing and has multiple advantages due to its portable feature. Several samples including blood, sweat, saliva, and tears are processed using "colorimetric, fluorescent, brightfield, and electrochemical methods" [12].…”

“…Thus, the design of a smartphone-based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) [12] represents an alternative to a mobile lab for analysis testing and has multiple advantages due to its portable feature. Several samples including blood, sweat, saliva, and tears are processed using "colorimetric, fluorescent, brightfield, and electrochemical methods" [12]. The POCT wearable device is a combination among different technologies such as the detection of using paper-based sensors (devices that are frequently used in disease diagnosis [19]), along with flexible sensors, and microfluidics.…”

“…The POCT wearable device is a combination among different technologies such as the detection of using paper-based sensors (devices that are frequently used in disease diagnosis [19]), along with flexible sensors, and microfluidics. To illustrate this, test results depending on different POCT devices regarding the sweat sample information are presented in Table 1 [12]. Another efficient and high-accurate POCT for tetracycline detection was developed using milk as a real sample [13].…”

“…The fluorescence changing from red to blue due to the presence of tetracycline can be achieved using a smartphone or a home-made portable device. Point-of-care testing devices developed in [12,13] have different hardware/software limitation and their applicability area is restricted. For a more facile classification and identification of biosensors point-of-care testing devices, in [14] authors provide a review of five types of smartphone-based microfluidic biosensor system: "Smartphone-based imaging biosensor, smartphone-based biochemical sensor, smartphone-based immune biosensor, smartphone-based hybrid biosensor with more than one sensing modality, and smartphone-based molecular sensor".…”

A review of smartphone point‐of‐care adapter design

“…It is evident that smartphones will dominate the POC field, enabling an easy-to-use mobile application that can perform complicated laboratory tests without the need for very deep knowledge about the instrumentation and the complicated test procedures used by specialists in a large laboratory environment. 13 Recent innovations verified that smartphone-based applications are very promising demonstrating precise measurements, [14][15][16][17][18] a low limit of detection (LOD), [19][20][21][22][23] a wide dynamic range, [24][25][26][27] low power consumption, easy-to-use smart applications, a low coefficient of variation (CV%), a high regression coefficient (R 2 ), high specificity, reliable sensitivity, rapid testing, cost-effective adapter designs, and high selectivity. [28][29][30][31][32] These innovations include the major parts of POC applications, such as surgical treatment application (Section 3.2), surgical diagnosis (Section 3.1), ophthalmic applications (Section 3.3), biochemical applications (Section 3.4), [33][34][35] environmental monitoring applications, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] biomedical applications, [43][44][45] electrochemical applications (Section 3.5), colorimetric applications, [46][47][48][49] imaging applications, [50][51]…”