Point‐of‐Care Smartphone‐based Electrochemical Biosensing

Abstract

Point‐of‐care (PoC) biosensors offer promising solutions to today's adverse and costly healthcare issues by moving diagnostic tools closer to the patient. The ubiquity of smartphones has brought about an emergence of PoC devices, which leverage the smartphone's capabilities, enabling the creation of low‐cost and portable biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors are well suited for PoC testing since the transducers can be miniaturized and inexpensively fabricated. This review paper discusses recent developments in smartphone‐based electrochemical biosensors for PoC diagnostics. These peripherals utilize the various connectivity options (for example proprietary ports, audio headphone‐jack, or wireless radio) to offload functionality to the smartphone. The smartphone‐based implementations of various electrochemical techniques, such as amperometry, potentiometry, and impedance spectroscopy are explored. Major challenges include reducing power, area, and cost of measurement circuitry, while maintaining adequate performance for PoC diagnostic applications.

A review of smartphone point‐of‐care adapter design

“…Imaging techniques are not popular in this category, as the adapter consists of special electronics that are designed specifically to target a unique chemical compound . Using a smartphone proved to be cost effective (see Figure 12), and extremely accurate results were reported when comparing the performance of the smartphone‐based adapters to those of laboratory equipment and devices with a low CV%, a high regression coefficient, lower costs, and a low LOD (see Figures to ) . Zhao et al, as shown in Figure A, developed a fluorescent smartphone‐based label‐free sensor to detect Fe (III) by employing the quenching effect.…”

“…[168][169][170][171][172][173][174] Using a smartphone proved to be cost effective (see Figure 12), and extremely accurate results were reported when comparing the performance of the smartphone-based adapters to those of laboratory equipment and devices with a low CV%, a high regression coefficient, lower costs, and a low LOD (see Figures 10 to 13). [175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192] Zhao et al, 193 as shown in Figure 8A, developed a fluorescent smartphone-based label-free sensor to detect Fe (III) by employing the quenching effect. The 3D printed adapter uses a 365-nm UV LED and a smartphone camera.…”

Biosensors for Personal Mobile Health: A System Architecture Perspective

“…In 2018, over 1.56 billion smartphones www.advmattechnol.de for detection of analytes, Sun and Hall reviewed off-phone electrochemical biosensors for POC applications. [19] However, since multiple biosensing modalities are typically coordinated together for the end user via a single smart device, there will be a need to examine different types of biosensing functions through a single lens. Also, it will be necessary to examine biosensing in combination with data processing, as it is the combination of these functions-which will feedback into the design of the biosensors-that will generate actionable insight, especially with advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and the expanding volume of health data.…”

“…Other reviews have covered biosensing modalities and applications in detail. [1,13,19,20,24,25,28,29]…”

“…However, it is also possible to build biosensing-along with computing and connectivityinto the smartphone itself, thereby minimizing additional hardware, improving portability, and potentially reducing cost. [19] Previous reviews have examined the utility of smartphones for clinical diagnostics. [1,13,20,21] Due to the abundance of diagnostic applications that rely on an optical readout, many of these reviews focus on the inbuilt complementary metaloxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera sensor.…”