Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine

Abstract

Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lung, responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacterium with over 90 serotypes, is the most common causative agent. Moreover, comorbid factors including heart failure, renal disease, and pulmonary disease could increase the risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. Since the advent of the pneumococcal vaccine in the 1980s, the incidence of pneumonia has decreased significantly. However, current vaccines confer only limited protection against serotypes included in the vaccine. Thus, to overcome this limitation, new types of pneumococcal vaccines have been sought and under clinical trials. In this review, we discuss pneumonia and summarize the various types of pneumococcal vaccines in progress.

Review on antibacterial activity of Himalayan medicinal plants traditionally used to treat pneumonia and tuberculosis

“…The main reason for selecting these three specific pathogens was to minimize the data on antibacterial activity of Himalayan medicinal plants. Moreover, these three bacteria are the most common pathogens of pneumonia and tuberculosis . Table consisted of antibacterial activity of plant extracts or compounds tested against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis , their concentration (mg/ml), inhibition zone (mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (mg/ml) and method used for the determination of antibacterial activity.…”

“…Moreover, these three bacteria are the most common pathogens of pneumonia and tuberculosis. [10,11] Table 1 consisted of antibacterial activity of plant extracts or compounds tested against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis, their concentration (mg/ml), inhibition zone (mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (mg/ml) and method used for the determination of antibacterial activity. Additional information about the botanical names, local names, families, part used, study area, type of infection treated and recipes formulation was also mentioned in Table 1.…”

Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection

“…There are a number of pneumococcal candidate vaccines under development. A comprehensive list of the vaccine candidates and those in clinical trials were reviewed by Lagousi et al, Pichichero and Kim et al [55,57,108]. In this review, we will only discuss those that appear to have progressed substantially and the potential to reach the market.…”

Broad protective immune responses elicited by bacterium-like particle-based intranasal pneumococcal particle vaccine displaying PspA2 and PspA4 fragments

“…1,2 Pneumococcal disease is preventable, and the widespread use of pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccines has remarkably reduced the incidence of this disease associated with vaccine-covered serotypes, especially conjugate pneumococcal vaccine which could induce T cell response and longer immunity has successfully reduced pediatric pneumococcal disease incidence. [3][4][5][6][7] However, the limited serotype coverage of this type of vaccine currently cannot completely protect people against all of the more than 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae, and the replacement of non-vaccine coverage serotypes in pneumococcal infections is of great concern with the use of polysaccharide-based vaccines. [8][9][10] Therefore, developing an alternative vaccine with broad coverage against pneumococcal diseases would be beneficial.…”