PM2.5 and NOx exposure promote myopia: clinical evidence and experimental proof

Wei, Chang; Lin, Hui Ju; Lim, Yun Ping; Chen, Chih Sheng; Chang, Chia‐Chu; Lin, Changpo; Chen, Jamie Jinn Yi; Tien, Peng Tai; Lin, Cheng Li; Wan, Lei

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113031

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A few of epidemiological studies on association between air pollution and refractive errors were reported. A recent study had reported that myopia was associated with PM2.5 and NOx which could be an indicator of air pollution [ 29 ]. Exposure to air pollution had a weak link with development of myopia, and long-term studies should be implemented [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Genetic-Environmental Interaction on Chinese Childhood Myopia

Zhang

Wang

Pan

et al. 2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of genetic-environmental interaction on myopia in Chinese children aged 6 to 9 years. Methods. Students had the physical examination and were required to provide basic demographic information. Their families were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning factors related to myopia. Multiple regression analysis was performed, and adjusted risk ratio values were calculated to assess the role between gene and environment. Value of the environmental and genetic index (EGI) was calculated to demonstrate the effect of genetic-environmental interaction on myopia. Results. The prevalence of myopia maintained at a high level. EGI was calculated as 0.125 suggesting that genetic factors may play the 12.5% role in the formation of myopia and environmental factors may play a role of 87.5% in the formation of myopia. Conclusions. For young pupils aged 6 to 9 years, myopia prevalence maintained at a high level, and duration of homework time and staring at electronic screen were the strongest factors associated with myopia. The calculated value of EGI was low, which suggests that environmental factors may play the leading role in the formation of myopia. A long-term follow-up research to improve the accuracy value of EGI is our next job.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Genetic-Environmental Interaction on Chinese Childhood Myopia

Zhang

Wang

Pan

et al. 2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…The possibility of myopia increased with exposure to higher level of PM 2.5 and NO x concentrations. The mechanism for the association was particulate matter enhanced inflammation and then further induced progression of myopia, which was conclude form evidence of animal experiments (Wei et al, 2019). Another study which focused on myopia in the elderly aged 50 years and above suggested that particulate matter and O 3 were associated with a more than ten percent increase in myopia prevalence (Ruan et al, 2019).…”

Section: Gaseous and Pmmentioning

confidence: 87%

Impact on Eye Health Regarding Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants

Chang

Yang

2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Air pollutants are a mixture of thousands of compounds, including ozone (O 3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO x), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM), all of which are considered to be the most significant compounds from a health provider's viewpoint. The association between air pollutants and human health has been investigated for many decades. These adverse health effects on mankind include acute and chronic impacts. Nearly all the systems of the human body can be affected. There had been substantial evidence pointing out that air pollutants are able to cause serious consequences in human's respiratory and neurological health system (Mannucci et al., 2015; Mannucci and Franchini, 2017; Chen et al., 2020). The retinal tissue and optic nerve are regarded as part of the central nervous system (CNS), because their development are protuberances of an embryological brain (Sebastian, 2010). However, the eyes are often a neglected organ in the area of environmental medicine. Most people anticipate air pollutants' health impacts on the eyes are limited to the eye surface, and simple eye irritation; in fact, air pollutants have a much greater impact on the eyes than we think. In this article, the authors reviewed all the acute and chronic health effects of gaseous and particulate air pollutants on the eyes to highlight the complexity of the relationship of air pollutants and eye health. ACUTE IMPACTS Ocular Surface Disorders Gaseous and PM It's well known air pollutants can lead to significant eye irritation and discomfort due to their having direct contact with the ocular surface. People who exposed to higher level of air pollutants were supposed to have significantly worse performance in tear break-up time (TBT) and Schirmer's test. Approximate a half of these air pollutants exposed people complained of both eye redness and irritation, compared to one fifth in less exposed ones (Saxena et al., 2003). The subjective ocular surface symptoms, as well as those of respiratory tract, were not compatible with the objective test values. Sometimes, air pollutants caused more severe symptoms than test measurements, especially for certain gaseous pollutants

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“…Jhang et al (2018) found that the driving cycle, engine age, and engine technology are the major issues causing mass emissions of PM from diesel engines, which was similarly projected to have a substantial effect on the chemical composition of PM emissions from diesel engines. A study by Wei et al (2019) on ship emissions clearly validated that engine operating condition has a substantial effect on the fraction of EC to OC in the PM 2.5 emissions from dieselfueled vehicle working over an FTP cycle. It is clear that more investigations of this nature are needed for a better understanding of the components that influence the proportion of EC to TC in the emissions from diesel engines.…”

Section: Carbonaceous Components In Pm25mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, the exposure environments of the college students in this study were limited to dormitory and outdoor environments. Wei et al (2019) emphasized that exposure to pollutant emissions may result in the development of myopia. They highlighted that prolonged exposure to PM 2.5 and NO x may intensify ocular surface soreness and later, retinal inflammation, which in turn increases the risk of development of myopia.…”

Section: Variations In Metallic Elements Concentrations and Contributmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filterable PM2.5, Metallic Elements, and Organic Carbon Emissions from the Exhausts of Diesel Vehicles

Lin

Amesho

et al. 2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Urban air pollution in the form of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) poses a substantial health threat to humans via inhalation. To assess the risks from this pollutant, we characterized and quantified the PM 2.5 exhausted by 15 diesel vehicles ranging from 28,306 to 883,374 km (an average of 525,854 km) in total mileage and varying in manufacturer and model year (1988-2005). We applied inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to analyze the metallic element constituents, among which Ca composed the largest fraction, followed by Zn, Al, K, Fe, Mg, and Cr. Measuring the carbonaceous content, we found that the total carbon (TC), the organic carbon (OC), and the elemental carbon (EC) accounted for 3461 µg m-3 , 1410 µg m-3 , and 2051 µg m-3 of the PM 2.5 concentration, respectively. Of the metallic elements, Ca exhibited the highest emission factor (EF), between 45.3 and 259 µg L-fuel-1 (with an average of 132 µg L-fuel-1), whereas Zn and Cr displayed the lowest ones, averaging 13.1 µg L-fuel-1 and 1.91 µg L-fuel-1 , respectively. We also investigated the relationship between the concentrations and the EFs of the metallic elements in the exhaust, and the ambient PM 2.5 composition. These results help illustrate the contribution of PM 2.5 emitted by diesel vehicles to metallic element concentrations in the natural environment and the consequent risks.

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PM2.5 and NOx exposure promote myopia: clinical evidence and experimental proof

Cited by 44 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Genetic-Environmental Interaction on Chinese Childhood Myopia

Effect of Genetic-Environmental Interaction on Chinese Childhood Myopia

Impact on Eye Health Regarding Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants

Filterable PM2.5, Metallic Elements, and Organic Carbon Emissions from the Exhausts of Diesel Vehicles

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