PLGA-Based Nanoplatforms in Drug Delivery for Inhibition and Destruction of Microbial Biofilm

Abstract

The biofilm community of microorganisms has been identified as the dominant mode of microbial growth in nature and a common characteristic of different microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The biofilm structure helps in the protection from environmental threats including host immune system and antimicrobial agents. Thus, the biofilm community has led to a higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in recent years. In this regard, the use of a new class of antibiotics, natural compounds, and anti-biofilm enzymes has been considered for the destruction of the microbial biofilm. However, different drawbacks such as low penetration, high susceptibility to degradation, instability, and poor solubility in aqueous solutions limit the use of anti-biofilm agents (ABAs) in a clinical setting. As such, recent studies have been using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nanoplatforms (PLGA NPFs) for delivery of ABAs that have reported promising results. These particles, due to proper drug loading and release kinetics, could suppress microbial attachment, colonization, and biofilm formation for a long time. Additionally, PLGA NPFs, because of the high drug-loading efficiencies, hydrophilic surface, negative charge, and electrostatic interaction, lead to effective penetration of antibiotics to the deeper layer of the biofilm, thereby eliminating the microbial biofilm. Thus, PLGA NPFs could be considered as a potential candidate for coating catheters and other medical material surfaces for inhibition and destruction of the microbial biofilm. However, the exact interaction of PLGA NPFs and the microbial biofilm should be evaluated in animal studies. Additionally, a future goal will be to develop PLGA formulations as systems that can be used for the treatment of the MDR microbial biofilm, since the exact interactions of PLGA NPFs and these biofilm structures are not elucidated. In the present review article, we have discussed various aspects of PLGA usage for inhibition and destruction of the microbial biofilm along with different methods and procedures that have been used for improving PLGA NPF efficacy against the microbial biofilm.

Microfluidics Based Generation of Curcumin Loaded Microfibrous Mat against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Photodynamic Therapy

“…However, as is evident from Figure d, at the end of 72 h, the cumulative drug release for both the fibers is similar; 78% for the thinner film and 72% for the thicker film, thus making the curcumin loaded microfibers a great system to release curcumin continuously and in a controlled way. Furthermore, the higher initial burst release observed for the thinner microfiber film is shown to enhance the suitable potential of curcumin for the rapid inhibition of the microbial growth destruction of biofilms …”

Multiple biomaterials for immediate implant placement tissue repair: Current status and future perspectives

“…113 Therefore, many ceramic nanoparticles were doped into PLGA structures to fabricate PLGA nanocomposite biomaterials. [114][115][116]…”

Drug Delivery Systems in Regenerative Medicine: An Updated Review

“…Due to the slow degradation rate of PCL scaffolds, they are often combined with other polymers, such as PLLA, to accelerate their erosion rate [ 115 ]. The rapid degradation properties of PLGA effectively help the delivery of different bioactive molecules, including vaccines [ 116 , 117 ], antibiotics [ 118 ], and anti-inflammatory drugs [ 119 ]. Furthermore, polyurethanes have been used extensively and applied in developing prostheses such as cardiac assist devices [ 120 ], vascular shunts [ 121 ], and tracheal tubes [ 122 ].…”