Platelet-derived growth-factor-releasing aligned collagen–nanoparticle fibers promote the proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells

Strategies to engineer tendon/ligament-to-bone interface: Biomaterials, cells and growth factors

“…Whereas growth factor therapy for tendon/ligament and bone has been widely explored, few studies have specifically [135,136], BMP-7 [132,137] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [122,136]. Similarly, growth differentiation factors (GDFs) [98,100,138], transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) [139], basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [46], PDGF [48,140] and Scx [50] are some of the main growth factors used in tendon/ligament regeneration approaches [141]. Regarding interface regeneration, a variety of factors including BMPs [142][143][144][145], TGF-β1 [146], TGF-β3 [147] and PDGF-BB [148] have been shown to possibly accelerate interfacial healing and enhance the insertional strength of tendon grafts both in vitro and in animal models.…”

“…Similarly, biomaterials for tendon/ligament tissue engineering include natural polymers (in particular collagen [48][49][50][51][52] and silk [46,[50][51][52]), synthetic polymers (such as PGA [53][54][55] and PLLA) [56,57] and decellularized native tendon/ligament matrices [58,59] (table 3). The pros and cons of each type of biomaterial are summarized in tables 2 and 3 for bone and tendon/ligament tissue engineering, respectively.…”

The Effect of Gradations in Mineral Content, Matrix Alignment, and Applied Strain on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Morphology within Collagen Biomaterials

“…Aligned biomaterials, with or without the application of tensile strain, have been shown to provide strong structural cues to direct tenocyte alignment and collagen synthesis, [5] increase MSC proliferation and alignment, [6] and even increased expression levels of tenogenic markers in MSCs and adipose derived stem cells. [7] Similarly, the increased stiffness and mineral content of bone have motivated development of a wide range of mineralized biomaterials with the goal of enhancing MSC osteogenic differentiation. [8] …”

Harnessing magnetic-mechano actuation in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering

“…However, recent findings show that mechanotransduction is not restricted to cell surface receptors and adhesion, but can occur directly through the nucleus via phosphorylation of emerin [38]. In addition to stiffness, stem cell differentiation can be regulated by topographical cues [39][40][41][42]. Integrins also play a critical role in this process by mediating cell adhesion to micro-or nanoscale topographic features, resulting in the contraction of the cytoskeleton and activation of biochemical signalling pathways [43].…”