Plastid-to-nucleus communication, signals controlling the running of the plant cell

Abstract

The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of sophisticated intracellular signaling networks. Organelle-to-nucleus signaling, or retrograde control, coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals orchestrate major changes in nuclear gene expression and coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress responses. It has become clear that, even though the chloroplast depends on the nucleus for its function, plastid signals play important roles in an array of different cellular processes vital to the plant. Hence, the chloroplast exerts significant control over the running of the cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.

Seedlings Lacking the PTM Protein Do Not Show a genomes uncoupled (gun) Mutant Phenotype

“…This was a significant result for the field as it defined a mechanism for plastid signaling, and is unsurprisingly included in numerous models for this pathway (e.g. Chan et al, 2016;Bobik and Burch-Smith, 2015;Terry and Smith, 2013;Barajas-López et al, 2013). Subsequent studies from the same group have suggested that PTM functions in retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to regulate flowering under high light and in the integration of light and chloroplast retrograde signaling during de-etiolation .…”

Expression of the Minor Isoform Pea Ferredoxin in Tobacco Alters Photosynthetic Electron Partitioning and Enhances Cyclic Electron Flow

“…1) and the constitutively high values of F 0 . Retrograde signals originating in the redox imbalances generated by the alternative electron partitioning might initiate reprogramming of nuclear gene expression, especially of photosynthetic genes (PhANG) and also in extreme situations arrest the developmental program of the plastid (Barajas-Lopez et al, 2013).…”

HSP90, ZTL, PRR5 and HY5 integrate circadian and plastid signaling pathways to regulate CBF and COR expression.

“…Several plastid signals have been reported to influence the transcription of nuclear genes encoding plastidlocalized proteins in a process termed retrograde signaling (Rodermel, 2001;Fernández and Strand, 2008;Barajas-López et al, 2013a). One of the identified retrograde signals is linked to the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, and several reports have shown that perturbations of the tetrapyrrole pathway result in major changes of nuclear gene expression (Strand et al, 2003;Ankele et al, 2007;Pontier et al, 2007;Mochizuki et al, 2008;Moulin et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2011).…”