Plasticity of Bead-on-Plate Welds Made with the Use of Stored Flux-Cored Wires for Offshore Applications

Abstract

Extreme atmospheric conditions in the marine and offshore industry are harmful to engineering materials, especially to welded joints, and may cause degradation of their properties. This article presents the results of research on the plasticity of bead-on-plate welds made using two types of seamless, copper plated flux-cored wires. Before welding, spools with wire were stored for 1 month in two distinct locations with different geographical and industrial conditions in Poland, and then subjected to visual examination. Bead-on-plate welds were subjected to a static tensile test and on this basis plasticity indexes showing the effect of storage on plasticity were determined. The fractures after tensile tests and the surfaces of the wires were examined on an electron scanning microscope. Additionally, diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal measurements for each condition were carried out. The highest degradation level was found for wire stored in an agricultural building in north-eastern Poland—there was an almost fourfold decrease in the plasticity index value and the highest diffusible hydrogen content. For the same wire and the same location, the largest difference was also observed in fracture morphology after the tensile test—ductile fracture was obtained for wire at delivery condition while an almost full cleavage fracture was found after relatively short (1 month) storage of wire.

Weldability of Underwater Wet-Welded HSLA Steel: Effects of Electrode Hydrophobic Coatings

“…The possibility of improving the corrosion resistance by using hydrophobic coatings deposited on metals was also proven by Zhang et al [ 32 ]. The properties of welded joints result from the properties of the filler materials [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Following this reasoning, hydrophobic substances are used for modification of welding wires and electrodes.…”

Application of Macro-Instrumented Indentation Test for Superficial Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties Measurement for HY Steel Welded T-Joints

“…The z component of deviatoric stress, parallel to the indentation direction, was verified in various materials [20][21][22]24,38] to show an empirical relation with the load difference. As shown in Equation (7), the load difference divided by the optically measured contact area can be related to the surface residual stress components, when the ratio of the x and y stress components is p.…”

“…They provide superior strength per weight than conventional structural steels and yield cost savings by simplifying or eliminating heat treatment processes [3][4][5][6]. Hydrogen embrittlement was investigated due to the offshore application of these steels [7][8][9]. The effect of welding on the mechanical properties of these steels has been studied with conventional uniaxial tensile testing, the Charpy V-notch impact test, and a hardness test [3,6,10,11], and optimum welding parameters for gas metal arc welding have been proposed [11].…”

Strength Calculation and Equal Load-Carrying-Capacity Design of an Undermatched HSLA Lap Joint under Out-of-Plane Bending

“…However, the effectiveness of HSLA for welding structures is severely limited by welding defects, especially cold cracking (hydrogen-induced cracking), which is one of the main causes of early failure [5][6][7]. Diffusible hydrogen, which is introduced by the storage conditions [8], the welding environment [9], or directly by the raw materials, is a necessary condition for hydrogeninduced cracking.…”