“…According to the extensive research focused on solar energy, there are mainly three types of solar energy utilization strategies: solar-to-thermal, solar-to-electrical, and solar-to-chemical conversions. Solar-to-thermal conversion in the realms of solar heat collection [2,5,6], photothermal seawater evaporation [7,8], and photothermal catalysis [9,10] has been addressed by considerable published research reports in recent years. Solar-to-electrical conversion is principally utilized in solar cells [11,12] and photoelectrical catalysis [13,14], while solar-to-chemical conversion is mostly studied in the following three types of up-hill reactions: photocatalytic water splitting [15,16], photocatalytic CO 2 reduction [17,18], and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation [19].…”