Conspectus
The rapid increase in atmospheric
CO2 concentration
(∼420 ppm) has become one of the significant issues threatening
human survival. As an effective measure to solve this major problem,
renewable energy-powered catalytic CO2 conversion technologies
have received vast attention in both academia and industry. Among
these techniques, photothermal catalysis is a rising star with promising
potential for CO2 conversion even under milder conditions.
Indium oxide was among the first to be used in photothermal CO2 catalysis, and through its various forms, stoichiometries,
and surface chemistry, it has become one of the most well-studied
photothermal catalyst systems. Indium oxide is a highly tunable semiconductor
for CO2 photocatalysis, which can be driven by both light
photochemically and heat photothermally, thereby serving as an archetype
for understanding how to optimize its performance for storing solar
as chemical energy, through creative materials chemistry.
Our
solar fuel cluster discovered photothermal CO2 catalysis
over indium oxide in 2014 and has long been committed to the study
of this field. Photothermal catalysis by semiconductors like indium
oxide can be deconstructed into three key processes: photochemistry,
thermochemistry, and surface chemistry. To be specific, photoexcited
electron–hole pairs can enable redox and acid–base surface
chemical reactions. Phonons and plasmons can drive these reactions
photothermally. Surface active sites, such as surface frustrated Lewis
pairs and oxygen vacancies, can amplify product activity and selectivity.
Designer synergism between all of these effects ultimately determines
the overall performance metrics of photothermal CO2 catalysis.
Thus, to design and optimize a photothermal catalyst, the three aforementioned
key processes should be considered synergistically.
In this
Account, indium oxide-based catalysts are selected as an
archetype to introduce the process of photothermal CO2 catalysis
and the advancements of indium oxide-based catalysts mainly from our
solar fuel cluster are summarized. In detail, the strategies of material
design are introduced systematically with the three key processes:
photochemistry, thermochemistry, and surface chemistry. Moreover,
a foreseeable future of the emerging field of optochemical engineering
of photothermal catalysis, ranging from potential reactions to reactor
design, is included as the perspective as well. In other words, this
Account is dedicated to exploring how chemically tailored indium oxide-based
catalyst has served as a platform material for understanding photothermal
CO2 catalysis and how this know-how is enabling the design
of high quantum efficiency photocatalysts and photoreactors. A comprehensive
understanding of these points is the key to the development of the
emerging field of optochemical materials and reactor engineering of
heterogeneous CO2 photocatalysis.