“…Therefore, an innovative, simple, cost-effective, and sensitive ACP assay method is urgently required to meet the current demand for onsite applications. In comparison to electrochemical, 13 electrochemiluminescence, 14 chemiluminescence, 15 plasmonic, 16,17 and fluorescence 18 detection methods, virtual instrument-free colorimetric detection 19 simplicity, ease of use in real-life situations in remote areas, comparative cost-effectiveness, and no requirement for trained personnel, or sophisticated instrumentation. 20,21 Over the last decade, advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have opened an alternative opportunity to use nanomaterials as an enzyme, and recent efforts have been invested in nanozymatic-based colorimetric immunoassays with the use of different nanomaterials rather than natural enzymes.…”