Plasma Volume of Dogs in Dehydration, With and Without Salt Loss 1

Hopper, James; Elkinton, J. R.; Winkler, Alexander W.

doi:10.1172/jci101466

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Our experiments reported here and elsewhere (1,18,19) give some negative and some positive clues to the factors common to all the diverse states in which there may be a loss of excess potassium. It cannot simply be the result of a temporary increase of plasma volume, since it is absent following intravenous injections of isotonic and hypotonic solutions (Table I, Experiments llC, 13A, 14) and since it appears as readily after intraperitoneal as after intravenous injections of hypertonic salt solutions (Tables II and III).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Transfers of Intracellular Potassium in Experimental Dehydration 1

Elkinton¹,

Winkler²

1944

J. Clin. Invest.

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105

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Prolonged dehydration and starvation in the dog result in the sacrifice by the organism of more potassium than that derived from the breakdown of tissue (1). There is no comparable sacrifice of sodium. As a result, the diminution of intracellular fluid is exaggerated while that of extracellular fluid is minimized. (6) where bci and bNa = balance of chloride and of sodium, respectively. El = initial extracellular fluid = liters corresponding to one-fourth of the body weight in kilograms. Cl1 and Cl2 = initial and final concentration of chloride in extracellular water. Na, and Nag = initial and final concentration of sodium in extracellular water. The concentrations of chloride, sodium, and potassium in extracellular water (ECW) were calculated from the serum concentrations (s) This was estimated in two independent ways. AII (first method) = AW -AEc0,AIII (second method) = 2.7 Pwhere Wt. = initial body weight in kilograms, P = protein burned, in kilograms, bK' = bK -(KEcW2 X E2) + (KEOW X El)-380 P = balance of "excess" potassium, bK = total balance of potassium, AB = B2-Bi, B = NaBCw + 10 m.eq. per liter.(12) (13) (14) 93

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Transfers of Intracellular Potassium in Experimental Dehydration 1

Elkinton¹,

Winkler²

1944

J. Clin. Invest.

Self Cite

105

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“…There are reports in the literature of 6 dogs deprived of both food and water, with 1 death at 11 days (33% BW loss), 4 dogs that survived 14 to 15 days (3 dogs lost between 22% and 25% BW; 1 was moribund with a 33% BW loss), and 1 dog that was still alive at 20 days (35% BW loss). 9,17 For the 33 cases of SEC in our study, we believe that the primary COD was starvation, not dehydration. Based on basic physiology and some experimental evidence, 1 death due to dehydration occurs before the extreme loss of fat (BCS 1 and 2) and muscle (BCS 1) that defines emaciation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Circumstances, Descriptive Characteristics, and Pathologic Findings in Dogs Suspected of Starving

et al. 2016

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The authors reviewed the case circumstances, population characteristics, gross, and histopathologic findings in 40 cases of emaciated dogs with a suspected diagnosis of starvation. The dogs' estimated age ranged from 3 months to geriatric. Nineteen breeds were represented, including small-breed (n ¼ 11), large-breed (n ¼ 13), and pit bull-type (n ¼ 16) dogs. The median body condition score was 1 out of 9 (Purina scale). Various diseases were identified as the cause of death in 7 dogs, while the cause of death in the other 33 dogs was starvation due to exogenous causes (SEC). Circumstances associated exclusively with SEC included being found in a vacated residence and death during temperature extremes or severe weather. Dogs with SEC did not differ significantly from diseased dogs in body condition score, sex, neuter status, or breed category (small, large, or pit bull type). Gross findings associated exclusively with SEC included severe hair matting and traumatic injuries. Diseased dogs had an empty stomach significantly more often than SEC dogs, which frequently had food and/or foreign material in the stomach. In 5 of the 7 cases where disease was the cause of death, disease involved the gastrointestinal tract. Gross and histopathologic changes commonly found in SEC and diseased dogs included the following: gross loss of muscle mass and absence of subcuticular fat; serous atrophy of omental, perirenal, epicardial, and bone marrow fat; atrophy of the liver, skin, thyroid gland, and testicle; gastric mucosal petechiae and ecchymoses; melena; and splenic hemosiderophages.

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“…Plasma volume merely drops in proportion to the extracellular fluid. In some respects, however, the (9,29,30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, there is clinical and experimental evidence that loss of salt is more deleterious to the circulation than is loss of water (7,8). Although both may cause the same degree of contraction in extracellular volume, the contraction of plasma volume is greater after salt depletion (9). How ports available are of limited utility since the associated changes in the body fluids were not measured (10 to 12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%