Hemodynamic Changes in Salt Depletion and in Dehydration 12

Elkinton, J. R.; Danowski, T. S.; Winkler, Alexander W.

doi:10.1172/jci101681

Cited by 114 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Consequently, DISCUSSION. Elkinton et al (1946) have shown that in sodium deficiency there is a reduction of intravascular volume and we have confirmed this in the sheep (Denton, 1957a); they have also shown that there is a reduction of cardiac output -the absence of a significant fall of blood pressure, except with large sodium deficits (Denton, 1957b), is therefore probably due to compensatory increase of peripheral resistance. The fact that the adrenalectomized sheep Zachary showed a blood pressure status parallel to that of the other sheep indicates that this response is due to either neurovasomotor activity or/and the secretion of substances other than adrenaline or noradrenaline.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

Blair-West¹,

Jp²,

Denton³

et al. 1963

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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SUMMARY.The pressor effect of intravenous infusion of antiotensin II in sheep was greatly reduced by sodium deficiency. There was a similar reduction in the pressor effect of Neosynephrine, Aramine and adrenaline. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of the proposition that angiotensin II is the aldosterone stimulating hormone.In sodium depletion catecholamines in low doses produced cardiac dysrhythmias.INTRODUGTION. The existence of an aldosterone stimulating hormone (ASH) was demonstrated by cross circulation experiments on conscious sheep using sodium deficiency of the donor as the evoking stimulus and on dogs using caval constriction of the donor as the evoking stimulus (Denton et al, 1959;Yankopoulos et al, 1959). Genest et al (1960) showed that intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in man caused an increased urinary excretion of aldosterone. Laragh et al. (1960), using the isotope dilution method, demonstrated that intravenous infusion of angiotensin II increased aldosterone secretion. Experiments in this laboratory have confirmed the aldosterone stimulating effects of angiotensin II and, in addition, it has been shovvTi by infusion of angiotensin into the adrenal arterial blood supply to the transplanted adrenal of sheep that the action is directly upon the adrenal cortex and not mediated by other mechanisms (BlairWest ef aZ., 1962).The work of Davis et al (1961aDavis et al ( , 1961b, Garpenter et al. (1961) and Ganong and Mulrow (1961) has implicated the kidney in the mechanism of aldosterone regulation and suggests that the renin-angiotensin II system may be the efferent humoral element (ASH). It has been observed that the five-to tenfold rise of aldosterone secretion which occurs with onset of sodium deficiency

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

Blair-West¹,

Jp²,

Denton³

et al. 1963

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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“…This reduction of plasma volume was almost certainly associated with a reduetion of extracellular volume but we have no information as to whether it was proportional. li\ dogs witli eleetrolyte depletion the plasma volume is reduced to a greater degree than the extracellular volume is itself reduced (Elkinton, Danowski and Winkler, 1946). In O.F.…”

Section: The Extracellular Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recorded reduction of plasma volume indicates that there was a reduction of total circnlating protein in most instances (cf. Elkinton, Danowski, and Winkler, 1946).…”

Section: The Extracellular Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments on excess Nn+ subtraction in dogs have been made by EJman nnd McCaughan, 1927;Gamble and McTver, 1928;Tlartmnim and Tllman, 1929. The plasma analyawi after uncomplicated fistula loss showed haemoconcentriitiou, reduction of boih total base nnd CI-levels and hence lowered osmotic i)re^sure, reduction of HCO^ concentration, and rises of Cl/Total Base ratio intermediate between those seen in man and the sheep.…”

Section: Homeostasis Of the Extracellular Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If this situation represents adaptation to ecological conditions, then such adaptation occurs at the expense of that maximum stability of the milieu intSrieur which appears necessary for tbe development of the more highly organized and sensitive physiological functions. In this regard, the reasonably well maintained condition of sheep when blood pH is reduced to 7*0-7-10 is interesting.Experiments on excess Nn+ subtraction in dogs have been made by EJman nnd McCaughan, 1927; Gamble and McTver, 1928; Tlartmnim and Tllman, 1929. The plasma analyawi after uncomplicated fistula loss showed haemoconcentriitiou, reduction of boih total base nnd CI-levels and hence lowered osmotic i)re^sure, reduction of HCO^ concentration, and rises of Cl/Total Base ratio intermediate between those seen in man and the sheep.…”

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confidence: 99%

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EXCESS Na⁺ SUBTRACTION IN THE SHEEP

Denton¹,

McDonald²,

Munro³

et al. 1952

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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This study on sheep was undertaken to determine whether prolonged excess Na+ subtraction would cause a reduction of glonienilar filtration rate and of the plasma volume. If this were so, it would be of great interest to see the effect of the consequent reduetion of filtered loads of the electrolytes on the efficacy of renal control of extracellular electrolyte pattern, in these circumstances mainly achieved by excretion of Cl-in excess of Na+.To present the problem in its coufext. Previously we have studied excess Na+ subtraction in man (Denton, Wyiin, McDonald and Simon, 1951). Tlie most striking example of excess Na+ subtraction in man is the post-gaatreetomy type of duodenal fistula. It has been found that when sodium is subtracted in excess of chloride relative to the estraccllnlar ratio of these two ions, the ratio Cl/Na in the extracellular fluid remains invariant relative to the magnitude of the dietortiug stress. This ia because the kidney excretes an approximately eommensiiratc amount of chloride in excess of sodium relative to the stress. Clinical observation and crcatinine clcarnnce determinations oil such patients who had considerable negative electrolyte balances suggested that these renal pattern control ineciianisms continued to operate despite considerable circulatory deterioration. They also continued to operate eveu though plasma concentrations were reduced below normal.If substantiated by fuitlier observations, thesti latter findings would indicate that the kidney has greater capacities for control of homeostasis of the extracellular finid than could be inferred from some current hypotheses, e.g. the concept of ;i renal threshold-or the application of the Tm hypothesis of re absorption of certain non-elcctrolytes to the distal tubular re-absorption of electrolytes as set out by Wesson, Anslow and Homer Smith (1948). MATERIALS AND METHODS.The main purpose of this study was to examine the renal physiological proposition outlined above. We were also inost interested in the physiology of excess Na"*" subtraction in a species other than man, as the question would seem to have some general biological importance (Donton, Wynn, McDonald and Simon, 1951).So as to facilitate description of individual protocols, we will set out first certain features different fi-oni those of man in the overall organization of ionie homeostasis in this cellulose digesting ruminant. 1. The grass, chaff, etc., taken into the sheep's rumen is broken down by bacterial fermentation, and a large fraction of the end products are volatile fatty acids wliich are absorbed directly from the rumen. Protein and other material passes on into the abomasum (analofrous to the stomach in the earnivora). The fermentation changes in the rumen iuvolve considerable fall of pH, and this is countered by the secretion of from 2-7 litres per day of very alkaline saliva. Normally the saliva contains I-IO-IJO m.e([. per litre of Na+ and 10-iO m.eq. of Cl" ion. The sec-retion process is stimulated by intermittent regurgitation of the acid ruminal ...

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Electrolyte Metabolism During Rice Diet

Peschel¹,

Peschel²

1953

AMA Arch Intern Med

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IN A PREVIOUS paper,1 a survey was given of the serum electrolyte pattern of patients on strict rice diet who had hypertensive vascular disease without advanced renal involvement. It was found that in 95% of these patients, serum electrolyte concentrations were well maintained. One should expect this to be different in patients with advanced kidney disease, and doubts are occasionally expressed whether or not salt restriction is applicable at all in such instances.The purpose of this paper is to report on the tolerance to rigid salt restriction in a series of patients with severe renal disease who were treated with the rice diet.The presence of renal insufficiency greatly complicates the study and interpretation of chemical changes which take place in the body fluids as a result of dietary measures.Whereas in the previous group of patients a systematic approach was possible, determining the serum electrolytes at equal time intervals and under the influence of diets of identical composition, this procedure is not feasible for patients with definite renal insufficiency. Here modifications of the basic scheme of the diet, especially with regard to electrolyte intake, are frequently unavoidable. The point at which these modifications become necessary can hardly be predicted. Kempner,2 therefore, considers the rice diet to be contraindicated unless frequent checks of the patient's blood chemistry are possible. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe present series consisted of 80 patients chosen from those who were scheduled to start the rice diet treatment. The clinical diagnoses are listed in Table 1. There were 55 males and 25 females. The ages ranged from 4 to 64, averaging 40 years. The patients were either hospitalized or ambulatory, in the latter case taking their meals under

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Hemodynamic Changes in Salt Depletion and in Dehydration 12

Cited by 114 publications

References 10 publications

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

EXCESS Na⁺ SUBTRACTION IN THE SHEEP

Electrolyte Metabolism During Rice Diet

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Hemodynamic Changes in Salt Depletion and in Dehydration 12

Cited by 114 publications

References 10 publications

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

The Reduction of the Pressor Action of Angiotensin Ii in Sodium‐deficient Conscious Sheep

EXCESS Na+ SUBTRACTION IN THE SHEEP

Electrolyte Metabolism During Rice Diet

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EXCESS Na⁺ SUBTRACTION IN THE SHEEP