Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions

Greenleaf, J. E.; Beaumont, William; Brock, P. J.; Morse, J. T.; Mangseth, G. R.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1979.236.3.r206

Cited by 37 publications

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“…Bicycle exercise has seemed to induce a greater decrease in PV (Greenleaf et al 1979b;Montain and Coyle 1992;Zappe et al 1993;Mitchell et al 1994). The level of training could have an eect insofar as, according to Sawka (1992), trained athletes have shown a relatively greater total body water than their sedentary counterparts.…”

Section: Dpv According To the Variation Of Hydration Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans

et al. 1999

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This study examined plasma volume changes (deltaPV) in humans during periods with or without changes in body hydration: exercise-induced dehydration, heat-induced dehydration and glycerol hyperhydration. Repeated measurements of plasma volume were made after two injections of Evans blue. Results were compared to deltaPV calculated from haematocrit (Hct) and blood haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). Eight well-trained men completed four trials in randomized order: euhydration (control test C), 2.8% dehydration of body mass by passive controlled hyperthermia (D) and by treadmill exercise (60% of their maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max) (E), and hyperhydration (H) by glycerol ingestion. The Hct, [Hb], plasma protein concentrations and plasma osmolality were measured before, during and after the changes in body hydration. Different Hct and [Hb] reference values were obtained to allow for posture-induced variations between and during trials. The deltaPV values calculated after two Evans blue injections were in good agreement with deltaPV calculated from Hct and [Hb]. Compared to the control test, mean plasma volume declined markedly during heat-induced dehydration [-11.4 (SEM 1.7)%] and slightly during exercise-induced dehydration [-4.2 (SEM 0.9)%] (P < 0.001 compared to D), although hyperosmolality was similar in these two trials. Conversely, glycerol hyperhydration induced an increase in plasma volume [+7.5 (SEM 1.0)%]. These results would indicate that, for a given level of dehydration, plasma volume is dramatically decreased during and after heat exposure, while it is better maintained during and after exercise.

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Section: Dpv According To the Variation Of Hydration Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans

et al. 1999

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“…Blood for hematocrit analysis was drawn into heparinized microcapillary tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm (model Micro-MB; International Equipment Company, Needham Heights, MA) and read using a 19 After the last blood sample was collected, all blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at 36C (centrifuge model 5403; Eppendorf North America, Inc, New York, NY). Plasma was removed from the packed red blood cells and plasma electrolytes were analyzed using an ion-selective electrode system (model 8 electrolyte analyzer; Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA).…”

Section: Blood Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric Emptying After Pickle-Juice Ingestion in Rested, Euhydrated Humans

Miller

Mack

Knight

2010

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Small volumes of pickle juice (PJ) relieve muscle cramps within 85 seconds of ingestion without significantly affecting plasma variables. This effect may be neurologic rather than metabolic. Understanding PJ's gastric emptying would help to strengthen this theory.Objective: To compare gastric emptying and plasma variables after PJ and deionized water (DIW) ingestion.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Ten men (age 5 25.4 6 0.7 years, height 5 177.1 6 1.6 cm, mass 5 78.1 6 3.6 kg).Intervention(s): Rested, euhydrated, and eunatremic participants ingested 7 mL?kg 21 body mass of PJ or DIW on separate days.Main Outcome Measure(s): Gastric volume was measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion (using the phenol red dilution technique). Percentage changes in plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration were measured preingestion (245 minutes) and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion.Results: Initial gastric volume was 624.5 6 27.4 mL for PJ and 659.5 6 43.8 mL for DIW (P . .05). Both fluids began to empty within the first 5 minutes (volume emptied: PJ 5 219.2 6 39.1 mL, DIW 5 305.0 6 40.5 mL, P , .05). Participants who ingested PJ did not empty further after the first 5 minutes (P . .05), whereas in those who ingested DIW, gastric volume decreased to 111.6 6 39.9 mL by 30 minutes (P , .05). The DIW group emptied faster than the PJ group between 20 and 30 minutes postingestion (P , .05). Within 5 minutes of PJ ingestion, plasma volume decreased 4.8% 6 1.6%, whereas plasma sodium concentration increased 1.6 6 0.5 mmol?L 21 (P , .05). Similar changes occurred after DIW ingestion. Calculated plasma sodium content was unchanged for both fluids (P . .05).Conclusions: The initial decrease in gastric volume with both fluids is likely attributable to gastric distension. Failure of the PJ group to empty afterward is likely due to PJ's osmolality and acidity. Cardiovascular reflexes resulting from gastric distension are likely responsible for the plasma volume shift and rise in plasma sodium concentration despite nonsignificant changes in plasma sodium content. These data support our theory that PJ does not relieve cramps via a metabolic mechanism.Key Words: acetic acid, electrolytes, sodium, stomach, vinegar Key Points N Ingestion of large volumes of pickle juice and deionized water resulted in initially similar gastric-emptying rates. N However, compared with ingestion of deionized water, gastric volume was greater at 20 and 30 minutes after ingestion of pickle juice. This difference is likely due to the osmolality and acidity of pickle juice.N After ingestion of pickle juice, gastric distension likely triggers cardiovascular reflexes, causing hypotonic fluid to shift out of the intravascular space. S keletal muscle cramps occurring during or shortly after exercise have been termed exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC). These cramps affect athletes including marathoners 1 and American football players. 2 Despite their prevalence, the cause of EAMC is unknow...

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“…Sodium and potassium (K þ ) content changes were estimated using hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma electrolyte data. 22 We measured urine specific gravity to ensure participants began testing euhydrated (urine specific gravity , 1.02). 23 …”

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confidence: 99%

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

McKenney

Miller

Deal

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age ¼ 23 6 4 years, height ¼ 180.9 6 5.8 cm, mass ¼ 80.7 6 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity ¼ 1.009 6 0.005).Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mLÁkg À1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 378C, relative humidity ¼ 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0-and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mLÁkg À1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 218C, relative humidity ¼ 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEqÁL À1 (144.6 mmolÁL À1 ), 4.98 mEqÁL À1 (4.98 mmolÁL À1 ), and 289.5 mOsmÁkg À1 H 2 O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

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Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans

Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans

Gastric Emptying After Pickle-Juice Ingestion in Rested, Euhydrated Humans

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

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