Plasma technology for lignocellulosic biomass conversion toward an electrified biorefinery

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to renewable, carbon-neutral materials, fuels, and chemicals is the cornerstone of the transition to a sustainable future bioeconomy. To realize small-scale, economically viable and low environmental impact...

Emerging Technologies for Waste Plastic Treatment

“…Plasma is a partially ionized gas composed of electrons, ions, radicals, excited species, and neutral molecules . It is regarded as the fourth state of matter beyond solid, liquid, and gas.…”

“…Plasma is a partially ionized gas composed of electrons, ions, radicals, excited species, and neutral molecules. 32 It is regarded as the fourth state of matter beyond solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma in a laboratory is usually produced by gas discharge and can be divided into thermal plasma and nonthermal plasma according to the relative temperatures of electrons, ions, and neutral particles.…”

“…44,45 The nonthermal plasma is far from thermodynamic equilibrium because electrons have higher temperatures, while ions and neutral particles have temperatures much lower than electrons, sometimes even close to the ambient temperature. 32 Nonthermal plasma can be generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), which is a nonequilibrium gas discharge with a dielectric inserted into the discharge space. Peng and co-workers first achieved hydrogenolysis of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) to C1−C3 hydrocarbons at ambient condition using nonthermal plasma with a selectivity greater than 95%.…”

“…Plastic pyrolysis/gasification with thermal plasma has been frequently reported by previous researchers. − Although plasma pyrolysis/gasification technology has been widely used in the chemical recycling of plastics, it often requires high-temperature or even high-pressure conditions due to limitations in the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction. Recently, Peng and co-workers have realized waste plastic upcycling under mild conditions using nonthermal plasma technology. , The nonthermal plasma is far from thermodynamic equilibrium because electrons have higher temperatures, while ions and neutral particles have temperatures much lower than electrons, sometimes even close to the ambient temperature . Nonthermal plasma can be generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), which is a nonequilibrium gas discharge with a dielectric inserted into the discharge space.…”

Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies

“…In plasma-based chemistry, gas discharge plasmas, generated from different power sources, provide a highenergy state that initiates ionization or electron impactinduced chemical reactions. The main applications in sustainable chemistry involve, for instance, the treatment and modification of biomass, and the destruction of waste and pollutants (Bruggeman et al, 2016;Dimitrakellis et al, 2022). To extend the discussion of cold plasma, this type of technique can rely on a few methods to generate RT plasma; low pressure glow discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), corona and plasma jets (Hippler et al, 2001).…”