“…41,42 Recent studies have revealed that ecto-F 1 -ATPase serves as a high-affinity cell surface receptor for apoA-I in hepatocytes and endothelial cells and that it mediates key metabolic and vascular atheroprotective functions of HDL. 41,43 The clinical relevance of ecto-F 1 -ATPase in humans has been revealed by the finding that levels of circulating IF1 (ATPase inhibitory factor 1)-an endogenous inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthaseare associated the risk for cardiovascular disease and T2D. [41][42][43] In cultured hepatocytes and endothelial cells, the introduction of an active form of recombinant IF1 induced a decrease in the production of extracellular ADP, leading to the attenuation of HDL effects.…”