“…Transit-time dissipation is an especially important process in strongly turbulent plasmas, where it acts to arrest the nonlinear collapse of coherent Langmuir or lower-hybrid wave packets at short scales ( « 20A D ) and intense fields . Arrest of wave collapse, and the transit-time acceleration associated with it, therefore feature prominently in a wide variety of physical situations, among them relativistic electron-beam experiments (Jannsen et al 1984;), microwave-plasma and laser-plasma systems (e.g. Wong, Leung & Eggleston 1977), the earth's electron foreshock (Robinson & Newman 1991) and computer simulations of strong turbulence (Newman et al 1990, and references therein).…”