Plasma growth differentiation factor‐15 in patients with “lone” atrial fibrillation

Abstract

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. 1 Its expression is correlated with diverse stimuli, including oxidation, inflammation, hypoxia, tissue injuries, and so on. 2,3 Cardiovascular disease is also closely related to GDF-15 production. 4 As a popular cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation (AF) poses high burden globally. Moreover, about five million new cases are diagnosed annually. Thus, substantial efforts are made toward the mechanism and treatment of AF. 5 Studies found that plasma GDF-15 level is high in patients with AF. 6,7 GDF-15 involves in left atrial remodeling and acts as a predictor of AF

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Clinical Outcomes in Japanese Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease

“…It has been reported that plasma and atrial tissue expression of GDF-15 are higher in patients with AF than in those with sinus rhythm. 31 GDF-15 is also related to clinical outcomes, including mortality, major bleeding, and stroke, in patients with AF. 14 …”

Biomarkers in Heart Failure: From Research to Clinical Practice

“…Cardiomyocyte expression of GDF15 was highly induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury and was associated with cardiac fibrosis after inflammation due to AMI and HF. Elevated concentrations of GDF15 predicted newly onset atrial fibrillation [79], cardiac thrombosis [80], cardioembolic stroke, and AMI, but not HF and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy [81]. GDF15 is considered a promising biomarker or a potential therapeutic target for the management of HF; however, models based on GDF15 have not yet been validated and are frequently based on retrospective investigations.…”