Plasma cytokine abnormalities in drug-naïve, comorbidity-free obsessive–compulsive disorder

Serum IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF- and #945;, and IFN- and #947; levels in drug-free, comorbidity-free obsessive-compulsive disorder patients

“…This study reported no significant correlations between cytokine levels and clinical variables, such as YBOCS scores and disease duration. 18 The findings of our study also reflect decreased levels of IL-2 and IL-6, which, like TNF-α, are pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the results reported in the literature vary, and the findings of our study contradict some relevant studies.…”

“…These inconsistent findings may be attributable to the effects of small sample sizes and potentially confounding variables, such as drug use and additional psychiatric disorders. 17,18 Indeed, comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychiatric drug use are known to potentially affect cytokine levels. 19 We therefore aimed to investigate cytokine levels in a relatively larger sample that was medication-free and had no additional psychiatric disorders.…”

Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients

“…Further studies [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] were carried out enabling a meta-analysis [31] (Table 1), which found decreased IL-1β levels and decreased TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α) levels in non-depressed OCD patients (but not in OCD patients with possible comorbid depression), and increased IL-6 levels in adult medication-free OCD patients (but not in OCD children with possible medication use) compared to controls. More recently, discrepancies were found with this previous meta-analysis concerning TNF-α with increased levels in OCD patients [32,33,34] (Table 1). Despite these discrepancies, the increased IL-6 levels seem a consistent result as they were replicated in a recent study [34,35] (Table 1).…”

“…More recently, discrepancies were found with this previous meta-analysis concerning TNF-α with increased levels in OCD patients [32,33,34] (Table 1). Despite these discrepancies, the increased IL-6 levels seem a consistent result as they were replicated in a recent study [34,35] (Table 1). …”

Changes of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Serum Levels during Drug Therapy in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

“…This also shows that one of many natures of OCD can be inflammation, and oxidative stress can have a role in progression of this disorder. In other neurodegenerative disorders, as the patient's situation worsens and the severity increases, the serum NO levels will be increased [2, 16]. In a study by Minutolo and colleagues, NO levels of patients with schizophrenia were higher in patients with more severe disorder and lowered with drug therapy with antipsychotics [17].…”