Plasma-assisted simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide nanosheets

Kumar, Nanjundan Ashok; Nolan, Hugo; McEvoy, Niall; Rezvani, Ehsan; Doyle, Richard L.; Lyons, Michael E. G.; Duesberg, Georg S.

doi:10.1039/c3ta10337d

Cited by 203 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…The plasma treatment process described here has previously been shown to be suitable for the plasma treatment and functionalisation of extremely fragile graphene films 31,32 and has successfully been used in the reduction and N-doping of graphene oxide powder. 33 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using a monochromated Al Ka source in conjunction with an Omicron EA 125 hemispherical analyser. Combined instrumental and source resolutions for C 1s and N 1s regions with pass energy of 20 eV were B0.55 eV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-doped pyrolytic carbon films as highly electrochemically active electrodes

Nolan

McEvoy

Keeley

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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abNitrogen-doped Pyrolytic Carbon (N-PyC) films were employed as an electrode material in electrochemical applications. PyC was grown by via non-catalysed chemical vapour deposition and subsequently functionalised via exposure to ammonia-hydrogen plasma. The electrochemical properties of the N-PyC films were investigated using the ferri/ferro-cyanide and hexaamine ruthenium(III) chloride redox probes.Exceptional electron transfer properties were observed and quantified for the N-PyC compared to the as-grown films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nitrogen in edge plane graphitic configurations and the surface of the N-PyC was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The excellent electrochemical performance of the N-PyC, in addition to its ease of preparation, renders this material ideal for applications in electrochemical sensing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-doped pyrolytic carbon films as highly electrochemically active electrodes

Nolan

McEvoy

Keeley

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Kumar et al 85 addressed this problem by performing simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene at room temperature. The reduction was achieved by introducing bulk quantities of graphene oxide to downstream microwave plasma with gas mixture of H 2 and NH 3 (50 sccm each) working at 500W power.…”

Section: Nitrogen Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma engineering of graphene

Dey

Chroneos

Braithwaite

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Reviews

137

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Recently, there have been enormous efforts to tailor the properties of graphene.These improved properties extend the prospect of graphene for a broad range of applications. Plasmas find applications in various fields including materials science and have been emerging in the field of nanotechnology. This review focuses on different plasma functionalization processes of graphene and its oxide counterpart. The review aims at the advantages of plasma functionalization over the conventional doping techniques. Selectivity and controllability of the plasma techniques opens up future pathways for large scale, rapid functionalization of graphene for advanced applications. We also emphasize on atmospheric pressure plasma jet as the future prospect of plasma based functionalization processes.

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confidence: 99%

“…31 This technique boasts a one-step process which negates the requirement for corrosive or toxic chemicals or high temperature treatments during the reduction process. As it has widely been reported in the literature that N-doped graphene enhances the performance of graphene-based supercapacitors, we propose that the N-rGO produced via ammonia plasma treatment of GO is suitable for such an application.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors

Nolan

Mendoza-Sánchez

Kumar

et al. 2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Herein we use Nitrogen-doped reduced Graphene Oxide (N-rGO) as the active material in supercapacitor electrodes. Building on a previous work detailing the synthesis of this material, electrodes were fabricated via spray-deposition of aqueous dispersions and the electrochemical charge storage mechanism was investigated. Results indicate that the functionalised graphene displays improved performance compared to non-functionalised graphene. The simplicity of fabrication suggests ease of up-scaling of such electrodes for commercial applications.Recent research has shown that the unique physical, chemical and electronic properties of graphene may be exploited in a wide range of applications; namely sensing, 1,2 electronics 3,4 and energy. 5,6 In particular, energy conversion and storage technologies that take advantage of graphene's excellent mechanical strength, chemical stability and high surface area may be developed. Indeed, many research publications detail the use of graphene and related materials in lithium ion battery electrodes, 7 solar energy conversion, 8 supercapacitors 9 and as electrode materials in other electrochemical energy devices. 10 For many of these applications it has been shown that the presence of heteroatoms in the graphene lattice improves material performance. Chemical modification allows for tuning of graphene properties such as surface chemistry and electronic properties; 11 which renders them more suited to certain applications than pristine graphene. Nitrogen-doped (N-doped) graphene has been demonstrated to be of use as an electrocatalytic material for oxygen reduction in hydrogen fuel cells, 12 improves biocompatibility of carbon devices in biosensing 13 and enhances the performance of graphene-based supercapacitors. 14 Graphene may be synthesised via mechanical cleavage of graphite flakes, 15 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) 16 or the decomposition of silicon carbide (SiC). 17 However, while the latter two have great potential in electronics fabrication, it is not feasible to produce gram-scale quantities using these methods. Liquid phase exfoliation and processing of graphene is one method which shows great potential as a means of producing large quantities of material. 18,19 Reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is one method which shows promise as a means of producing large quantities of material suited for energy applications. [20][21][22] Graphite oxide is easily exfoliated and the oxygen functional groups can be removed via thermal or chemical means. While the reduction of GO produces a graphene material with structural defects and residual heteroatoms, these issues may not be problematic for applications such as catalysis and energy storage, where crystallinity and structural integrity of the graphene material is not a priority. In fact, the presence of a few oxygen-containing groups at the surface can advantageously influence the interfacial activity between graphene electrodes and the electrolyte.Much work has been carried out towards production of N-doped graphene via several m...

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Plasma-assisted simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide nanosheets

Cited by 203 publications

References 28 publications

Nitrogen-doped pyrolytic carbon films as highly electrochemically active electrodes

Nitrogen-doped pyrolytic carbon films as highly electrochemically active electrodes

Plasma engineering of graphene

Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors

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