Plasma-assisted deposition of thin carbon films from methane and the influence of the plasma parameters and additional gases

Hamelmann, Frank; Aschentrup, A; Brechling, Armin; Heinzmann, Ulrich; Abrashev, M. V.; Szekeres, A.; Gesheva, K.A.

doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.07.074

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They subsequently produced lens‐shaped devices and, eventually, retrofitted them into a pair of sunglasses. The comparison with our electrochromics can be briefly summarized as follows: (1) Due to the use of a metal oxide electrochromic as the anodically coloring material, the stability, environmental durability and shelf‐life of their devices is significantly compromised due to the known issues in this regard with metal oxide electrochromics . (2) Their “transparent” state still has a bluish tinge (as compared to close to total transparency in our devices) and their dark state is not nearly as dark as ours, as a comparison of photos in their publications with Figure above clearly shows.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In spite of this, however, and in spite of attempts to adapt new or esoteric technologies such as ionic liquid electrolytes, carbon nanotubes and nonlinear optical properties of the polymers, successful, practical commercial implementation has thus far eluded these materials. This is in marked contrast to inorganic metal‐oxide‐based electrochromics, which have seen some application, for example, in building windows . (Reflectance‐mode, i.e., mirror‐like, visible‐region electrochromics based on CPs have been in commercial use for some time now, for example, as implemented in automobile rearview mirrors by Gentex, among other very limited uses .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To the best of our knowledge and based on an extensive search of the literature, the electrochromic lenses and sunglasses we report herein represent the best visible‐region electrochromic performance for dual‐polymer CP electrochromic systems to date. They also are, to our knowledge, the first practical implementation in working sunglasses, that is, they represent practical, functional, and applied polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

Chandrasekhar

Zay

Cai

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Reported are syntheses of several new monomer precursors of cathodically coloring conducting polymers (CPs), based on a propylene dioxythiophene skeleton. These are shown to yield CPs—both as homopolymers and as copolymers—that are nearly “perfectly” matched electrochemically and electrochromically with a set of anodically coloring poly(aromatic amines), for use in dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses. Resulting dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses display very high light/dark contrast (typically up to 70/7% or 50/0.5% Transmission (integrated over visible spectrum, vs. air reference), Haze < 2%, very high cyclability (> 10 K cycles), multiyear shelf life, appealing transparent to dark‐blue‐black transition, and excellent optical memory. Dramatic lowering of switching time, from 8 to < 1 s, is demonstrated using unique applied‐potential algorithm resident on inexpensive Microcontroller chip. Working, practical dual‐polymer electrochromic spectacles are demonstrated with electrochromic lenses retrofitted to spectacles meeting ANSI Z87.1, GL‐PD 10–12 (U.S. military) specifications. These incorporate photosensor, rechargeable Li battery, Microcontroller, allow for automated operation. Ab‐initio‐design spectacles, also conforming to above specifications, are also demonstrated, with components seamlessly hidden within frame. To the best of our knowledge, the electrochromic lenses and sunglasses reported herein represent the best visible‐region electrochromic performance for dual‐polymer CP electrochromic systems to date and the first practical implementation in working sunglasses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41043.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

Chandrasekhar

Zay

Cai

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…This result is in opposition to the phenomena which occurs for the coatings. Indeed, an increase in the nitrogen volume fraction of the mixture leads to a reduction of average internal stress of an a‐C:H coating film resulting from an increase of voids fraction due to nitrogen doping 20,21…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For nitrogen‐poor discharges, the cathodic film presents important cracks due to internal stress and sputtering onto the cathode. Increasing the nitrogen ratio leads both to a decrease of internal stress (nitrogen doping)21 and to an increase of the sputtering phenomena. Indeed, no coating is deposited onto the rf electrode for nitrogen‐rich plasmas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CH and CN Radical Contribution in the Particle Formation Generated in a Radio‐Frequency CH₄/N₂ Plasma

Pereira

Massereau-Guilbaud

Géraud-Grenier

et al. 2005

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Summary: The generation of particles in a CH4/N2 radio‐frequency discharge has been studied in order to understand the effect of nitrogen incorporation into the particles. The nitrogen increase in the gas mixture leads to a modification of the particle behaviour in the plasma bulk. Moreover, for nitrogen ratios higher than 50%, changes in particle morphology and texture are observed. These modifications may be explained by the appearance of new radicals like CN evidenced, thanks to optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Moreover, the evolution of CH and CN emission lines has been studied. On the other hand, IR analyses have shown the presence of CN, NH, CH bonds in the particles and in the coatings. Their proportions depend on the nitrogen flow rate. A correlation between OES results and IR analyses has been established.

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In-depth multi-technique characterization of chromium–silicon mixed oxides produced by reactive ion beam mixing of the Cr/Si interface

Galindo

Benito

Duday³

et al. 2012

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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The great interest of mixed metal-silicon oxides lies in their suitability, among other applications, as optical coatings with an adjustable refractive index. In this paper we investigate a new method to obtain chromium and silicon mixed oxides. Using as starting point a metallic chromium film deposited on a silicon substrate by magnetron sputtering, we induce the formation of mixed oxides using reactive ion beam mixing by bombarding the Cr/Si interface with oxygen. We have varied the ion fluence (between 5 Â 10 16 and 1 Â 10 18 ions cm À2 ) at a fixed implantation energy of 80 keV in order to modify the final composition of the coating. The composition profiles have been obtained with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), by changing the He energy from 3.035 up to 3.105 MeV, and with elastic recoil detection analysis using a time of flight configuration (ERDA-ToF). Results have been compared with those obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles and Monte Carlo TRIDYN simulations. Concentration depth profiles (CDP) have been also measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and simultaneous Ar + bombardment, as well as angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). All the obtained depth profiles agree remarkably well with cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations made on the sample implanted at the highest fluence.

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Plasma-assisted deposition of thin carbon films from methane and the influence of the plasma parameters and additional gases

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

CH and CN Radical Contribution in the Particle Formation Generated in a Radio‐Frequency CH₄/N₂ Plasma

In-depth multi-technique characterization of chromium–silicon mixed oxides produced by reactive ion beam mixing of the Cr/Si interface

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Plasma-assisted deposition of thin carbon films from methane and the influence of the plasma parameters and additional gases

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses

CH and CN Radical Contribution in the Particle Formation Generated in a Radio‐Frequency CH4/N2 Plasma

In-depth multi-technique characterization of chromium–silicon mixed oxides produced by reactive ion beam mixing of the Cr/Si interface

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

CH and CN Radical Contribution in the Particle Formation Generated in a Radio‐Frequency CH₄/N₂ Plasma