Plantago lagopus extract as a green fungicide induces systemic resistance against Rhizoctonia root rot disease in tomato plants

Abstract

Extensive use of chemical control agents and fungicides typically leads to numerous risks to human health and the environment. Using plant extracts as natural substances represents a dual key for the environment and sustainable food production, as it reduces the input of synthetic pesticides into the environment and/or controls plant pathogens. For the first time, a Plantago lagopus ethanolic extract has been characterized and evaluated for its protective and curative effects against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants. The results showed that P. lagopus extract (10 μg/ml) completely inhibited R. solani mycelial growth in vitro. At 20 days of post fungal inoculation, the results demonstrated that using P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml) in vivo enhanced tomato plant growth by significantly increasing shoot and root parameters in protective and curative treatments. Furthermore, the protective and curative treatments significantly reduced the disease index by 18.66 and 38.66%, respectively. Induction of systemic resistance with upregulation of PR-1 and PR-2 and a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants. HPLC analysis showed that the most common polyphenolic components detected in P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg). In addition, the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported. Our study is the first to show that P. lagopus extract can help plants fight off R. solani fungal infection. Furthermore, the findings imply that using the P. lagopus extract as a natural biocontrol agent could be a sustainable strategy to manage plant fungal diseases.

Effects of Flubeneteram on Inhibiting the Development of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Wheat Leaves

“…PR1 is a crucial regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and may serve as a marker for early plant defense responses, and its importance in plant immunity has been recognized for over two decades. , The accumulation of PR1 , a SA marker gene, is linked to the activation of SA in response to pathogens . Our results are consistent with previous findings of many studies, − indicating that increased PR1 expression enhances resistance against pathogen infections. Several reports have confirmed that PR2 proteins are engaged in various physiological plant defense processes primarily induced by SAR inducers like SA. − Increased PR2 activity in plant cell wall has been shown to enhance the accumulation of oligosaccharides produced, which elicits plant defense.…”

Swietenia mahagoni Leaves Extract: Antifungal, Insecticidal, and Phytochemical Analysis

“…Meanwhile, Tralamazza et al [15] have reported that this species complex is associated with panicle infection in wild rice in Brazil. Numerous research studies have explored the effectiveness of different extracts against R. solani, revealing encouraging outcomes regarding their antifungal properties [16][17][18]. Antifungal properties towards the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Candida spp., and A. niger were detected using water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform-derived extracts of S. macrophylla leaves [19].…”

Phytochemical evaluation and exploration of some biological activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two species of the genus Plantago L.

“…In a recent study, the richness of P . lagopus ethanolic extracts in rutin, naringenin, quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, catechol, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid was provided [ 14 ]. Grubešić et al in a comparative study among different species in Croatia, evidenced that methanolic extracts of P .…”

“…While, iridoid and phenyethanoid glycosides are metabolites isolated from P . lagopus L. with nutritional and allelopathic properties [ 10 – 14 ]. In addition, it was reported that verbascoside and calceorioside A were present in leaf extracts of P .…”